Тематическое планирование
Unit Step
Active Vocabulary
Recognition Vocabulary. Geographical Names
Grammar and Usage
Texts
Songs, Poems Rhymes
Topic
Elements of Country Studies
Words
Word Combinations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Unit 1. Steps to Your Career
1
1. cause
2. suitable
3. to repair
4. linen
5. legal
New material
Passive structure to have something done
Song Thank you for the music (ABBA)
The jobs to choose
2
New material
1. Word building: the use of suffixes to make words denoting professions (-er,
-or, -ist, -ess).
2. Confusable words job — profession — occupation — career
1. Five people speaking about their plans after leaving school (L).
2. Texts about different jobs (R)
Jobs and occupations
3
New material
English words neither, either and structures with them
1. Interview with Jennifer Morrison (L).
2. Choosing a Career (R)
School subjects for your future career
4
1. advanced
2. apply
3. application
4. applicant
5. compulsory
6. last
7. research
8. set
9. tuition
10. turn
1. advanced technology
2. advanced nations
3. advanced level
4. advanced in years
5. to apply for
a job
6. to apply for
a visa
7. to apply to sb
8. to make an application
9. an application form
10. a job applicant
11. a university applicant
12. compulsory education
13. to last (for) some time
14. linguistic research
15. to carry out research
16. to research a problem
17. a set of rules
18. to work for one’s tuition
19. to pay one’s tuition
20. (the) so-called
21. nursery school/kindergarten
6. Eton
7. a gap year
8. campus
9. a bachelor’s degree
10. a master’s degree
11. postgradu-ate study
New material
English conjunctions whether and if and how to use them
1. Interview with Prince William (L).
2. State Education in the UK (R)
Gap year
Information about the state education in the UK
5
12. to refer
13. a rival
14. to ban
New material
English pronouns nobody, no one, none
1. Text about Eton College (L).
2. Text about the oldest universities in the UK (R)
Going to university
Information about famous universities in the UK
6
11. avoid
12. contain
13. disappoint
14. identify
15. practice
16. practise
17. result
18. separate
19. struggle n, v
22. to avoid sth/doing sth
23. to disappoint sb’s hopes/expec-tations
24.to identify sb (sth) as sb (sth) else
25. to come with practice
26. to put into practice
27. to practise doing sth
28. as a result
29. to result in sth
30. to separate sth from sth
31. to be separated by sth
32. to struggle with/against sth
33. to struggle for sth
34. to deal with sth
35. to make progress
36. to get acquainted
37. follow sb’s footsteps
15. received pronunciation (RP)
16. forward
New material
Confusable words either — any — neither — none — nobody — no one
1. Text about Russian universities (L).
2. Choosing English to Learn (R)
Learning foreign languages
7
20. dealer
21. disappointed
22. disappoint-ing
23. identifica-tion
24. identity
25. progressive
26. separation
17. to tell sb from sb else
18. to process
19. mortgage
New material
Phrasal verbs to call for, to call in, to call out, to call up
1. Interview with a Russian student in America (L).
2. My Own Way (Part I) (R)
Schooling abroad
8
20. a salary
21. a metaphor
New material
Metaphors and how to use them
My Own Way (Part II) (R)
Poem The Road Not Taken (by Robert Frost)
Social English: text connectors so, as, because, that’s why, however/
anyhow, nevertheless, although, on the contrary, actually/in fact, eventually, as a result, besides, in the end, on the one hand… on the other hand
9—16
Workbook. Unit 1
Lexico-grammatical Exercise Book. Unit 1
17
Consolidation Class
22. a bookworm
Description of various jobs (L)
Working for a government or a private company
18
Test Yourself
23. the Crusades
1. Texts advertising TV programmes (L).
2. Are Girls Cleverer Than Boys? (R)
19
Project Work One
20
Test One
21—24
Prepare for the National Examination Classes
25
Home Reading. Class 1
26
Optional Class
Unit 2. Steps to Understanding Culture
1 (27)
27. constant
28. diverse
29. estimate
30. refer
31. reflect
32. reveal
33. shape n, v
34. value n, v
38. more or less constant
39. to keep (hold) constant
40. a constant companion
41. a constant threat
42. a diverse population
43. to refer to sth
44. to refer to
a certain culture
45. to reflect sb’s attitude
46.to reflect on sth
47. to reveal
a secret
48. to reveal oneself
49. in the shape of a star (cube, heart)
50. triangular in shape
51. in all shapes and sizes
52. no matter
53. in spite of sth
24. diversity
25. visual arts
26. a pattern
27. artefact (artifact)
28. to set sb apart
New material
Plural forms of nouns (Greek and Latin borrowings)
What Is Culture (R)
Poem
Mona Lisa (by Brenda M. Webber)
What is culture
2 (28)
35. constantly
36. estimation
37. diversity
38. reference
39. reflection
40. revelation
41. valuable
29. to pinch
New material
1. Possessive case of inanimate objects.
2. Plural forms of some compound nouns.
3. Possessive case of nouns denoting a group of people
1. Texts about English and American traditions (L).
2. Text about American Holidays (R)
Traditions
Information about British and American holidays
3 (29)
30. a fair
31. Mardi Gras
32. spiritual
New material
Different meanings of the same noun to denote countable and uncountable objects
1. Dialogue about American festivals (L).
2. Human Values (R)
Values
4 (30)
33. beneath
34. to be predetermined by fate
35. to profess
36. sacred texts
37. supersti-tion
38. to itch
39. a ladder
40. a masterpiece
41. scarlet
42. to mash
43. a trout
44. a salmon
New material
Countable nouns used as uncountable ones
Text about people’s beliefs (R)
Song
Yellow Submarine (by Lennon and McCartney)
Beliefs
British superstitions
5 (31)
45. a cowherd
New material
1. Phrasal verbs to speak for, to speak out, to speak up, to speak to.
2. Some English collective nouns and their combinability
1. Interwiew with English literary critic Benjamin Osborn (L).
2. How the Round Table Began (R)
Human morals and belief in literature
Information about Arthur Conan Doyle
6 (32)
42. deny
43. glorious
44. image
45. masterpiece
46. recognize
47. recognition
48. sincere
49. trend
50. vague
54. to deny the fact
55. a glorious victory
56. to have a clear image of sth
57. to recognize sb by sth
58. recognition by/from one’s colleagues
59. a lack of recognition
60. to struggle for recognition
61. a trend to/
towards sth
62. a trend in sth
63. sincere feelings /words
64. scores of
65. to an (some) extent
66. to a certain extent
1. Tale about King Arthur’s knights (L).
2. Visual Art (R)
Visual arts
Some English idioms with colour words in their structure:
blue with cold, brown bread, black humour, black look, as white as snow, as black as coal, as red as a beetroot, a red rag to the bull, to be green with envy, to have green fingers, to show a white feather, once in a blue moon, out of the blue, to be yellow
7 (33)
51. denial
52. glory
53. recognizable
54. sincerely
55. trendy
56. vaguely
46. contempo-rary
47. flat
48. Old Masters
49. The Medici family
50. a merchant
51. a mansion
New material
Articles used with people’s names
1. Two people speaking about the Tate Gallery (L).
2. The Greatest Galleries of the World (R)
Museums and picture galleries
Social English:
some typical English notices and warnings
8 (34)
52. forward
53. merge
1. Texts about Russian composers (L).
2. Tom Hopkins, an English pupil, speaks about the role of music in his life (R)
Music
9—16 (34—42)
Workbook. Unit 2
Lexico-grammatical Exercise Book. Unit 2
17 (43)
Consolidation Class
54. pagan
Text about pop music (L)
Places to visit at the weekend
18 (44)
Test Yourself
1. Text about Sir Christopher Wren (L).
2. Text about Henry Purcell (R)
19 (45)
Project Work Two
20 (46)
Test Two
21 —24 (47—50)
Prepare for the National Examination Classes
25 (51)
Home Reading. Class 2
26 (52)
Optional Class
Unit 3. Steps to Effective Communication
1 (53)
57. captivate
58. comprehend-sible
59. melt
60. miracle
61. possess
62. stir (up)
63. stuff
64. suspect
65. touch
66. worth
67. to be comprehensible to sb
68. to work miracles
69. to be possessed by some emotion
70. to suspect sb of sth (doing sth)
55. harvest
56. Libra
57. a wedge
58. a layer
59. a forehead
60. a core
61. a conspiracy
62. to modify
63. in the mud
64. a scholar
New material
English adverbs and their functions
How It Began (R)
Song
I Just Call to Say I Love You (by Stevie Wonder)
Speaking about scientific facts that surprised you
2 (54)
67. captivating
68. comprehend
69. miraculous 70. possession
71. possessive
72. suspicion
73. suspicious
74. touching
75. touchy
76. worthy
65. to convince
66. wry
67. sticky
New material
1. Formation of adverbs.
2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs, regular forms.
3. Confusable words thing and stuff
Albert Einstein’s biography (L)
Inventions that shook the world
Information about Albert Einstein
3 (55)
77. adult adj
78. amazing
79. convince
80. employee
81. entire
82. faith
83. falling-out
84. hire
85. release
71. to convince sb of sth
72. to convince sb to do sth
73. a government employee
74. to lose faith in oneself
75. to have a falling-out with sb
76. to hire sth by the day (week)
77. to release a film (a record)
78. to release from prison
79. to be/get fired
68. a satellite
69. to spin
70. to gasp
71. to pretend
72. random
73. innocence
74. to insulate 75. wire
New material
Degrees of comparison of adverbs, irregular forms
1. Texts about planets of the solar system (L).
2. She Stole My Identity! (R)
Pros and cons of the technological progress
4 (56)
86. adult n
87. amaze
88. amazed
89. amazement
90. convincing
91. employ
92. entirely
93. faithful
76. a nanny
77. a billion
78. devasta-ting
79. dawn on me
New material
1. Two equivalent forms of certain adverbs.
2. Adverbs with suffix
-ly. Differentiation of meanings
1. Interview with Mike Gibson (L).
2. Steve Jobs’ speech (R)
New technological revolution
Information about Steve Jobs
5 (57)
94. dive
95. exhibition
96. luxurious
97. remind
98. restore
99. search v
100. sink
101. suitable
80. to dive off sth
81. to be on exhibition
82. to make an exhibition of oneself
83. to remind sb of/about sth
84. to search (for) sth
85. to sink to the ground
86. to sink to one’s knees
87. to sink so low
80. a will
81. to award
82. an anniversary
83. a merchant
84. a plumber
85. by the day
New material
1. Confusable words: a) to rent — to hire — to employ; b) scientist — scholar; c) to sink — to drown.
2. The adverb badly
Two people speaking about the Nobel Prize (L)
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Information about Alfred Nobel and Nobel Prizes
6 (58)
102. exhibit n, v
103. luxury
104. restoration
105. search n
106. suit v
86. vessel
87. to gush
New material
1. Phrasal verbs to pick on, to pick out, to pick up.
2. Some information about English numbers
1. The descriptions of five different inventions (L).
2. Great Rediscovery (R)
Scientific and technological cooperation
7 (59)
88. plain
89. a bonnet
90. a barn
91. double
92. treble
New material
1. Some facts about the synonymy.
2. More facts about numbers (telephone numbers, dates)
1. Dialogue about the film Titanic (L).
2. Text about the Amish people (R)
Is it possible to stop new technologies
8 (60)
93. a particle
94. substance
95. to collaborate
96. a measure
97. censorship
98. a games console
99. RAF (Royal Air Force)
1. Texts about world famous scientists (L).
2. Mass Media Today (R)
Mass media
Social English:
breaking in the conversation
9—16 (61—68)
Workbook. Unit 3
Lexico-grammatical Exercise Book. Unit 3
17 (69)
Consolidation Class
Dialogue about the press in Britain (L)
The role of the press
18 (70)
Test Yourself
1. Interview with Kate Winslow, a British journalist (L).
2. Creating a Video Game (R)
Your attitude towards video games
19 (71)
Project Work Three
20 (72)
Test Three
21—24 (73—76)
Prepare for the National Examination Classes
25 (77)
Home Reading. Class 3
26 (78)
Optional Class
Unit 4. Steps to the Future
1 (79)
107. adjustment
108. arrange
109. confess
110. deliberately
111. delicate
112. enclose
113. intention
114. relieve
88. to make an adjustment
89. to arrange a meeting
90. to confess to sth
91. to confess to doing sth
92. to do sth deliberately
93. to be enclosed by sth
94. an intention to do sth
95. with the intention of doing sth
96. to relieve one’s pain (discomfort)
100. a quotation
101. unan-nounced
102. to weep
103. sense of curtesy
104. an agenda
105. to declare
106. pen pal
Aurigae II (R)
Song Future World
Thinking about future
English idioms with the infinitive and gerund
1. Idioms with the infinitive: to be honest, to begin with, to tell sb the truth, to cut a long story short, to put it another way, to get back to the point, so to speak.
2. Idioms with the gerund: frankly speaking, generally speaking, roughly speaking, strictly speaking, supposing
2 (80)
115. adjust
116. arrange-ment
117. confession
118. deliberate
119. delicately
120. intend
121. intentional
122. intentiona-lly
123. relieved
124. relief
1. Text about robots (L).
2. Text about technological progress (R)
Threats for the future
3 (81)
125. attempt n
126. concern n
127. gain
128. mutual
129. reduction
130. rush v
131. scary
132. wage(s)
97. at the first (se-cond) attempt
98. to make no attempt
99. to gain from sth
100. mutual cooperation
101. mutual interests
102. mutual understanding
103. to rush sb (to be rushed) into sth
104. to earn a good wage
105. wage increase/wage rise
106. a living wage
107. to draw attention (to)
108. to drop out
109. to get rid (of)
107. available
New material
1. Confusable words: a) pay — payment — wage(s) — salary — fee-fares;
b) to draw attention to sb/sth — to pay attention to sth.
2. The infinitive versus the gerund
Interview with an Indian girl who lives in the USA (L)
What would you like to change in the world around you
4 (82)
133. attempt v
134. concern v
135. reduce
136. rush n
137. scare n, v
108. urgent
109. loss
110. narrowly
111. profit
112. to merge
113. a shopping mall
114. to dissolve
New material
Confusable words:
a) get — gain — win; b) to offer — to suggest
1. Speaking about ecological problems of the modern world (L).
2. Concerns about globalization (R)
Globalization
5 (83)
115. a grade
116. a fancy-dress ball
Revision
Complex object
1. Interview with Mr George Clover about American culture (L).
2. Are We All Becoming Americans? (R)
National cultures
6 (84)
138. bargain
139. confirm
140. distin-guished
141. effort
142. ensure
143. explode
144. extrava-gant
145. insist
110. to make a bargain
111. to confirm one’s identity
New material
1. Confusable words:
interpreter’s false friends.
2. Subjunctive
mood I. Reference to the present and future
1. The talk between two friends (L).
2. Out of This World (R)
Advantages and disadvantages of space tourism
7 (85)
146. confirmation
147. distinguished
148. explosion
149. explosive
150. extravagance
151. insistence
152. insistent
117. It’s up to me
118. a plight
119. to endure
120. an internal combustion engine
121. hydrogen
New material
Subjunctive
mood I.
Subject + would + Verb
As the Young See It (R)
Poem It’s Up to Me (by James J. Metcalfe)
People against machines
8 (86)
122. Urdu
New material
Subjunctive mood II. Reference to the past
1. People speaking about problems that can influence the future (L).
2. Text about English as a global language of the 21st century (R)
Language of the future
Social English:
English phrases used to speak about the future
9—16 (88—94)
Workbook. Unit 4
Lexico-grammatical Exercise Book. Unit 4
17 (95)
Consolidation Class
123. an ancestor
124. a descendant
Interview with Patricia O’Neil, an expert in languages (L)
One language: for and against
18 (96)
Test Yourself
125. to secure
126. a torrent
127. a thumb
128. to oust
129. the Senior Prom
1. Two friends talking about their future (L).
2. Texts about future developments in different spheres (R)
19 (97)
Project Work Four
20 (98)
Test Four
21—24 (99—102)
Prepare for the National Examination Classes
25 (103)
Home Reading. Class 4
26, 27 (104, 105)
Optional Classes
Тексты аудиозаписей к учебнику
Unit 1
Step 2
Аудиозапись № 3 к заданию 1
Speaker 1
I don’t really know what I’d like to do after school. I haven’t made up my mind yet if I should go to work or go on studying. I think it could be good to take a year off and, perhaps, to go travelling, to get some experience, to see new places, to meet various people. I’m sure travelling will give me a chance to learn about the world and maybe to learn more about myself. Then I will be able to decide what I really want to do.
Speaker 2
I have had enough of school. I’m tired of studying. I think I’ll be able to find some interesting job soon. I have already had one offer and I can start right away. My exam results at school are good enough. I’ve been into computers for some years already. The firm offering me the job specializes in information technologies, so I’m going to earn some money.
Speaker 3
I’m glad I’m leaving school. I would like to get a job and to do some real things. I want to do some job helping people. It could be first aid, some job at a hospital but not necessarily nursing. I’m thinking about some useful jobs aimed at people. I’m fairly patient and they say I easily get on with different people. But I wouldn’t like to work at night. I’m interested in getting a job during the day. Then I’ll be able to attend evening classes if I decide to go to university in the future.
Speaker 4
My main interest is linguistics. I’ve always been interested in foreign languages. And my results in arts are really very good. I think it’s much better to study before going to work. I’d like to get a good education in the field of philology. Therefore, I’m planning to go to university and get a degree.
Speaker 5
My parents expect me to become a lawyer and they want me to go to university immediately after school. My mother says she’d like me to continue with my studies. I believe it’s reasonable and I agree with her. I really want to get a well-paid prestigious job, too. I’m sure it’s great to do things you love doing and can do well. And in my view, you can have all these if you get a really good education.
Step 3
Аудиозапись № 4 к заданию 1
— Today in our studio we have an honourable guest, Ms Jennifer Morrison, a well-known children’s writer. Hi, and welcome, Jennifer.
— Hello and thank you for the invitation.
— Jennifer , now many school leavers are not so far from the end of school thinking about their future careers. Some of them have already chosen their future occupations, others haven’t made their final choices yet. What advice can you give to them?
— I think I can tell them a few words about myself. In school I did well in many subjects but felt discouraged by the teachers. Each of them told me to work harder in their subjects but I wasn’t sure which of the school subjects I might need in the future.
— So you decided to do your best in all of them, didn’t you?
— No, I didn’t. I suddenly understood that I was responsible for my own education and for my future. I felt that my school wasn’t doing enough. If you want to become a knowledgeable person, you can’t wait for others to give you information and knowledge. I began to read as much as I could and found it very useful.
— Do you advise our school leavers to read more?
— Reading books is not the only source of information they can use. But it’s definitely the most important one. It develops imagination, helps to solve problems, offers you various examples and experiences, gives you facts you can rely upon.
— What else, in your opinion, can help pupils to make the right decision?
— My advice is to ask yourself why you would like to choose this or that profession. If it’s only for the prestige or the money it gives, you may be making a mistake.
— So money and prestige are irrelevant, aren’t they?
— On the contrary, they are important. And I know that young people want to be well-paid and do the jobs that are highly respected by the society. I only want to stress that these should not be the only things that should attract you in your future career. So, my advice is to try and learn more about your prospective job, consult people who are already into the profession and remember you are free to make your own choice.
Step 4
Аудиозапись № 5 к заданию 1
Here is a part of Prince William’s interview given to Sam Greenhill, a Hello! magazine journalist.
— Did you enjoy your year out before university?
— I loved my gap year. I would like to have another one.
— What was the most memorable part of it?
— I loved working on a farm in England. It was the best part of my year. I enjoyed the fact I was put in as a hand and was paid and was just another guy on the farm. I got my hands dirty, and did all the chores and had to get up at 4 a.m. I managed to see a completely different lifestyle.
— What do you think of your three months in Africa?
— I loved Africa and learned a lot from it. I met some really respectable people.
— Why did you choose St Andrews?
— I didn’t want to go to an English university because I have lived there and wanted to get away to try something else. And I do love Scotland. There’s plenty of space, I love its hills and mountains and I thought St Andrews had a real community to feel it.
— Is history of art something you want to do after the degree?
— I’m much more interested in doing something with environment but I’m not sure what, yet.
— St Andrews is very different from Eton. How easy will it be to make friends at the university?
— I do not choose my friends on the basis of where they are from or what they are. It’s about their characters and whether we get on well. I just hope I can meet people I will get on with. I don’t care about their backgrounds. And I would like to be an ordinary student.
— Are you excited about moving away from home and being able to take more control of your life?
— Having more independence is quite a big thing, although I’ve always got policemen around so I’m never completely independent. However, I’m looking forward to being able to manage my own time in a relaxed atmosphere.
— Are you worried about mass media? Do you think they may make your private life more difficult?
— The way the media treated me during my gap year was great. If that could continue, everyone would be happy, especially me. If it doesn’t get too curious, I will feel really comfortable.
Step 5
Аудиозапись № 7 к заданию
Eton College is a British independent boarding school which name is well known outside the country. Eton College educates over 1,300 pupils, aged between 13 to 18 years.
The college has a long and interesting history. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Originally Eton was meant to be a charity school to give free education to 70 poor boys. When Henry VI founded the school, he gave it a lot of valuable land and a number of privileges. He even made a plan for some of college buildings.
The story of Eton is a story of success. For over 5 centuries and a half it has been giving a good education to its students. There are a lot of distinguished people among leavers of Eton. Some of them are political leaders who have done a lot for their country. Both Prince William and Prince Harry are former Etonians.
Eton is usually called a public school. Following the old public school tradition, all pupils in Eton live at the school. The college is divided into Houses. The oldest house has 70 boys called King’s scholars. As the school grew, more students were allowed to attend Eton. But they had to pay their tuition and live in the town outside the old college buildings. A number of boys get a scholarship which depends on their progress in studies.
During the 18th and 19th centuries there appeared a lot of new houses. Each of them typically has about 50 boys. Classes take place in the school, but most boys spend a lot of time in their House. Every House has a House Master, a teacher who lives in the House and manages the pupils in it. A House Master is helped by a tutor. One of the boys becomes a House Captain, a kind of head boy. There is also a House Captain of Games.
Eton College is known for its old traditions, one of them is wearing a rather old-fashioned uniform. Another tradition for the whole House is to gather every evening at about 8 o’clock. That’s the time when the House Master and boys have an opportunity to talk and organize some entertainment. A lot of attention is given to sport.
At Eton there are dozens of organizations or societies. Pupils may come together to discuss a certain subject or problem. Some societies are for those who are interested in music, religion, languages and so on. Houses often invite guest speakers — famous authors, politicians, businessmen — who come to meet the boys and speak to them.
Step 6
Аудиозапись № 8 к заданию 1
1. The Volgograd State Medical University has a long tradition in medical training. It is situated in the centre of the city. The university works together with the World Health Organization. It has contracts with many foreign universities and participates in international programmes with Belgium, France, Germany, the USA.
The university has four educational buildings and five large hospitals. Since 1962 the university has been training foreign students from 85 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.
2. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia was founded for benefit of Asian, African and Latin American countries. Today it has the student population coming from 107 countries of the world. The University’s medical faculty is one of the oldest. It trains doctors in the main disciplines of medicine. In 1960 the University began training children’s doctors which was a great achievement as it was the first department of this kind in the world.
3. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod was founded on the 17th January 1916 as one of three people’s universities of Russia and became the first university in Nizhni Novgorod. Now it is considered to be among the best universities of the country. It trains more than 40,000 students doing their bachelor’s and master’s degrees. There are also postgraduate courses and shorter training programmes.
4. Moscow State University, the oldest in Russia, was established in 1755. About 4,000 students and postgraduates from all over the world enter Moscow State University every year. The university has a huge campus in 1000 buildings and structures. Its library system is one of the largest in Russia. It includes about 9 million books, 2 million of them are in foreign languages. The university has faculties of Mechanics and Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Geology, History, Philology, Philosophy as well as many others.
Step 7
Аудиозапись № 10 к заданию 1
This is an interview with Masha Rakitina who spent a year in the USA studying abroad.
— Masha, what made you decide to study abroad?
— I can’t tell you exactly why I decided to go to the US. I had always been interested in English and English-speaking countries. I wanted to see America with my own eyes. So when I learnt about the programme sponsored by the American government I made up my mind to have a try.
— Life in America is fairly expensive. How were you able to afford it?
— I could afford a year of studying in Texas because the programme gave the winner an opportunity not to pay for anything. I was also given a scholarship — over 200 dollars every month in order to be involved in various activities with my new American friends.
— What were your impressions of the country?
— During my last year at school in Russia I read a lot about the USA and was very serious about my future, so I came with some knowledge about the country. I knew that Americans are a nation that historically had always been “on the move”. And it is still true nowadays. Americans love to travel. There are so many cars moving in all directions. I think a symbol of America should be a car or a truck.
— What difficulties did you have? What about the so-called American accent?
— I had some problems at the beginning but you get used to the accent very quickly. What was really difficult for me was the necessity to use English 24 hours a day and also American food.
— Really?
— Yes, that’s true. When you hear only English and have to speak it all the time while dealing with people, you start feeling that your mind is going to blow up. But it is certainly the best opportunity to master the language and make good progress in it. As for the food, I am not a fan of fast food which America is so fond of.
— What would you recommend a visitor to the USA to do?
— Try to see as much as you can, go to different places in the country, California is definitely one of them, the Niagara Falls and the Mississippi are among others.
— What benefits did the year abroad give to you?
— That year was truly beneficial. I found a good friend there. She is coming to Russia next summer to see me. My American experience has taught me a lot. I think now I am able to understand people better. I have found out how complicated but interesting the world we live in is, how different and yet how much the same people all over the world are. And, certainly, my English has greatly improved.
— What would you say to those hoping to follow your footsteps?
— I would just say — go for it, guys. Dreams exist for making them real, believe in yourselves and do your best.
Step 9
Аудиозапись № 12 к заданию 1
Description One
The job of such a professional involves designing buildings. He or she has to be able to provide their professional advice on private and public constructions. The person in fact is the link between the user of the planned structure and the builder. He or she must supervise the process of construction.
Description Two
The role of these people is extremely important at fashion shows. Their job is to demonstrate clothes, make-up etc by wearing them. The job involves letting the designers, clothes makers and buyers understand what works and what doesn’t work about an outfit. This professional also has to look attractive.
Description Three
The job involves the study of ancient societies, done by looking at tools, bones, buildings and other things from those distant times that have been found. Some of the professionals make real discoveries. The things they find help us to understand how people lived and died.
Description Four
The job of these professionals is connected with the science that deals with heat, light and other forms of energy. They have to understand the laws of nature and how energy affects various objects. Such specialists are often invited by universities as professors and lecturers and work in research laboratories in different fields of industry.
Description Five
People who work in this profession do different jobs such as arranging meetings, making phone calls, preparing letters. They usually work in an office and their role has changed a lot since the days of the typewriter which was previously associated with their occupation. In fact, they fulfill a lot of important and unusual tasks for their bosses.
Step 10
Аудиозапись № 13 к заданию 1
Text A
What is a star? How big is the Universe? Where did the Sun and the Earth come from? These are the questions that people have been asking for thousands of years. If you watch Channel 4 at 5 p.m., you may find answers to these questions in the show “What is it all about?”
Text B
People were predicting the weather long before our time. They looked for signs in the way plants and animals behaved. Animals can indicate the weather, often very accurately. The Germans used to keep frogs as live barometers because they croak when the pressure drops.
Text C
The weather is a vital part of our daily lives and it is changing all the time. This is a programme about those who study the following things and try to find out what will happen next:
— air temperature;
— cloud types;
— sunshine;
— rain and snow;
— wind, its speed and direction.
Text D
“What is a bird?” It is a new programme on Channel 5. It gives information about the number of birds in the world and offers very interesting facts about their life. You will learn about birds of the past, the biggest and smallest birds of our time. You will know what birds live in tropical forests, which of them can live with little water, which, like the secretary bird, hunt on foot, which migrate over long distances.
Text E
“A million earthquakes” is the title of the TV programme you will be able to watch on Wednesday at 5 p.m. Famous scientists will tell you about the main earthquake areas. You will learn that there are about a million earthquakes every year. They happen under the sea as well as on land. Ninety per cent occur in the “ring of fires” which circles the Pacific Ocean. Most of them are very small. A large earthquake occurs about every two weeks — mostly under the sea, where it does little harm.
Unit 2
Step 2
Аудиозапись № 16 к заданию 1
The Boat Race
There are few events in British sports life that attract so much attention as this boat race. This competition is between students. There are no prizes given to the winners but to take part in this race is a great honour. The boat race between Oxford and Cambridge takes place on the River Thames every year. This tradition started in the eighteen thirties. The crews of the boats train together for 12 weeks before the race. On boat race Saturday the banks along the Thames and the bridges are crowded with people who come to watch the race and support either Oxford or Cambridge.
Highland Games
In summer Scottish people traditionally meet together for competitions called Highland Games. After Queen Victoria visited the games in 1848, the games became the most famous tradition in Scotland. Today thousands of visitors come to see Scottish national sports. The games always include Scottish dancing and bagpipe music.
Clans and Tartans
In the 16th and 17th centuries Scottish clans were like huge families ruled by powerful chiefs. Sometimes there were fierce battles between different clans but nowadays the McDonalds and the McKenzies, the Campbells and others live in peace with each other. Wearing of tartans or coloured checks was common in the Highlands. Each clan had its own tartan. Kilts became popular in the 18th century and are worn by both men and women. Tartans are now part of international fashion.
Thanksgiving
Every year Americans celebrate Thanksgiving. Families and friends get together for a big meal. The meal usually includes roast turkey, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie. The tradition of Thanksgiving began in 1620 when the first colonists came to America from Britain. They survived their first winter in the new land thanks to friendly Indians who helped them with food. A year later the colonists invited the Indians to share a meal with them. That was the first Thanksgiving dinner.
Columbus Day
On this day Americans celebrate Christopher Columbus’s arrival in America in 1492. On Columbus Day people go out into the streets to watch colourful processions taking place everywhere in the country. Families and friends arrange picnics or go visiting each other. Anyhow American Indians, the native population of the country, often say that Columbus Day is not a holiday for them, as because of Columbus and his expeditions their land was taken away from them.
Step 3
Аудиозапись № 17 к заданию 1
— Today we have invited to the studio George Crawford, a lecturer from Houston University, Texas, the USA.
— Good morning, everyone.
— Our listeners would like to know more about your country. One of them asks about your traditional festivals. What are they like?
— That’s a very good question. Each year in the US there are festivals to celebrate almost everything you can think of.
— How long do they take?
— Some festivals are only for a day, while others last for a few months. Some are serious and some are fun. Some attract thousands of people, and some just a few.
— Could you give some examples?
— The most popular festivals are probably fairs. These are usually at the end of summer. Farmers enter their animals in competitions and hope to win.
— Do they get prizes?
— Yes. There are prizes for the best crops, homemade food, clothes, toys and other things.
— Are such festivals held everywhere in the country?
— You see, each part of the US has its own special festivals. When people from Europe, Asia, and Latin America came to live in different parts of the USA, they brought their celebrations with them. For example, there are Oktoberfests coming from Germany, Chinese New Year and Cherry Blossom Festivals coming from Japan. These festivals have their own food, drink and entertainment.
— And which festival would you call the most popular?
— One of the best-known festivals is probably Mardi Gras. It takes place early in the year in New Orleans, Louisiana. For two weeks there are big parades, parties and dances. When the parades pass by, everyone shouts, “Throw me something, Mister!” and they fight to catch small presents thrown to them.
— That sounds to me like fun. Does Mardi Gras attract visitors?
— Yes, definitely. Mardi Gras is the festival where you can listen to jazz music. Jazz musicians from all over the world come to New Orleans.
— I understand why they do it. It’s common knowledge that New Orleans is the home of jazz music. I’m afraid our time is nearly over. Thank you very much, Mr Crawford, for your most interesting information.
— You’re welcome.
Step 5
Аудиозапись № 19 к заданию 1
— In our studio today we are welcoming an English literary critic Benjamin Osborn who has just finished his new book devoted to Arthur Conan Doyle, a famous British writer. Mr Osborn, let’s start with a bit of history. Please tell us about Conan Doyle’s life.
— Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. His father was an artist and an architect by profession, but he worked as a clerk in an office and died fairly young. The family had a lot of financial problems after his death.
— How did Arthur happen to become an author?
— Well, his mother was a very good storyteller. I think that was the beginning. Then he read a lot during his school years and he often told his friends long and interesting stories, getting sweets and cakes for that.
— Did he get any special university education in literature?
— Not exactly. After leaving school Conan Doyle became a student of the medical faculty at the University of Edinburgh. In his third year of studies he went to the Arctic as a ship doctor. After graduating from the university he sailed to Western Africa. Later he began his medical practice in a small English town Southsea and in 1887 he published his first detective story.
— Were Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson its main characters?
— Quite so. And very soon they became the most popular characters of his numerous stories while Baker Street in London became the well-known address.
— So Conan Doyle had his medical practice and wrote detective stories in his free time, didn’t he?
— At the beginning of his career he did. But then in 1891 he gave up his medical work and devoted all his time to his literary activity. He also travelled much. He visited Europe, the USA and Egypt.
— Did he write only detective stories?
— Besides detective stories Conan Doyle wrote historical novels and two fantastic stories “The Lost World” and “The Poisoned Belt”. They were quite successful.
— It’s a known fact that Conan Doyle was so tired of Sherlock Holmes that he decided to “kill him” in one of the stories. And indeed the famous detective was killed during his struggle with Professor Moriarty in the story “Holmes’s Last Case”. How did it happen that he appeared again in Conan Doyle’s books?
— The story “Holmes’s Last Case” was published in 1893. The writer hoped that after that he would be able to begin creating other books but his readers didn’t want to lose their favourite character and ten years later the famous detective appeared again.
— Which of the famous stories do you consider the best one?
— In my view it’s “The Hound of the Baskervilles”, though maybe not everyone will agree with me.
Step 6
Аудиозапись № 20 к заданию 1
Many brave knights sat at the Round Table in King Arthur’s castle. They all had many adventures and took part in numerous battles of their King. They were all strong and courageous knights. But Sir Lancelot was really much better than all of them in the strength of his arms and his riding skills. He was the son of Arthur’s faithful friend, King Ban. Sir Lancelot had had many adventures before he arrived at Camelot, the place of King Arthur’s court.
The Lady of the Lake had stolen him from his mother, Queen Helen, when he was a baby and never returned him. He was brought up by the Lake Queen Vivian to become the greatest of all knights. Soon he became known as Lancelot of the Lake.
When he reached his eighteenth year, the Lady of the Lake sent him to the court of King Arthur. Ancient books tell us about his adventures. Among the other knights of the Round Table Sir Lancelot took part in the expedition in search of the Holy Grail. It is believed that it was the Cup out of which our Lord Jesus Christ drank at the Last Supper. One moonlit night Sir Lancelot was travelling alone and found himself approaching a large castle. He had no difficulty in entering it. So he walked right through the castle, until he reached a room where the doors opened slowly in front of him. At that moment he heard a mysterious voice warning him, “Lancelot, it is not you who will find the Holy Grail.”
On hearing that Lancelot fell on the floor. He lay there a long time as one dead. When at last he recovered, he understood that some other knight of the Round Table would be able to find the Holy Grail, so Sir Lancelot returned to Camelot.
Step 7
Аудиозапись № 22 к заданию 1
— You know, Brian, there’s one thing I haven’t done before going home: I haven’t been to the Tate Gallery.
— As far as I remember, you have some free time tomorrow afternoon. I can take you to the Tate.
— Can you? Oh, it would be lovely. I’ve always wanted to see Turner’s works in the original. There are no works by this artist in Russian picture galleries.
— The Tate is the right place for seeing Turner’s paintings. By the way, Olga, did you know that there are two Tate Galleries in London now?
— No, I didn’t. How come?
— In the year 2000 they divided the collection into the Tate Britain and the Tate Modern.
— In what way are they different?
— The Tate Britain includes the collection of English and foreign art up to the end of the 19th century. In its turn the Tate Modern has a collection of European and American painting of the 20th and 21st centuries.
— I see.
— As for Turner, the Tate Britain has a very large collection of his paintings. Personally, I prefer his later works: they have some mystery in them.
— Do you often go to the Tate Britain? Do you know it well?
— Not so often as I’d like to, but I try not to miss interesting exhibitions and every time I go there, I see some of my favourite pictures as well.
— What are your preferences? Do you like British or foreign artists ?
— It’s really difficult to say. I like to look at some paintings by Pablo Picasso and portraits by Modigliani. At the same time British artists like Sir Stanley Spencer or John Singer Sargent are among my favourite.
— Will you show me your favourite pictures tomorrow when we come to the Tate?
— With pleasure. Do you know that there are also some Russian paintings in the Tate collection?
— Is it really so? Russian avant-garde, I guess?
— Mostly. Artists like Larionov and Kandinsky.
— Brian, may I ask you something?
— Yes, Olga, what is it?
— What does the word “Tate” mean?
— Nothing. It’s just a name. It’s the name of the man who started the collection.
Step 8
Аудиозапись № 23 к заданию 1
Text 1
Mikhail Glinka was the first Russian composer who became famous outside his country. People say that he is the father of Russian music. Glinka was the son of a rich merchant. He spent a lot of time travelling about Europe where he learned about progressive trends in the music of the time. Anyhow, later on, he managed to find his own language in composition.
Text 2
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer and a teacher of classical music. Born in Tikhvin, near Novgorod, to an aristocratic family, Nikolai showed talent for music from an early age.
Nevertheless, he studied at the Russian Imperial Naval College in Saint Petersburg and then became an officer in the Russian fleet. Later Rimsky-Korsakov became professor of composition at Saint Petersburg Conservatoire.
Text 3
Sergei Prokofiev is widely admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. He was an only child in the family. His mother was a pianist and her son’s first music teacher. By the age of nine he had composed his first opera. His compositions were famous for their originality. For some time Prokofiev lived abroad, in the USA, France and Germany. In 1934 he returned to his motherland.
Text 4
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born in 1840 to a middle-class family. Like Schumann, a German composer who had a strong influence on him, Tchaikovsky studied law, but later entered St Petersburg Conservatoire as he wanted to devote his life to music. He became one of the greatest composers ever lived. A true romantic, he wrote music which was deeply Russian by nature.
Text 5
Dmitry Shostakovich was born in 1906 in St Petersburg. He began taking piano lessons at a very early age and became a winner of prestigious competitions. At the age of 13 he began to attend classes in the Conservatoire. After finishing school Shostakovich started earning money as a concert pianist. At the same time he wrote compositions. His 5th Symphony was a great success and remains one of his most liked works. His 7th Symphony became symbolic. It’s associated with Russian people fighting against Nazi aggression during the Second World War.
Step 9
Аудиозапись № 24 к заданию 1
In the eighties of the previous century pop music became big business, and pop stars were business people as well as musicians, interested in selling records and making money. At that time in pop music there appeared new sounds made by computers, synthesizers, electronic pianos. In those years pop was becoming more and more international: young people in Japan were spending more money on records than in any country outside the USA. And the new pop superstars of the eighties were different from the superstars of the fifties. Before, most stars were white men. In the eighties the biggest pop star was Afro-American. That was Michael Jackson. Michael was already a star when he was six, making hit records with his brothers. In those days they were called the Jackson 5. When he became older, he made more hits. He was a wonderful dancer: he created a new dance called the Moonwalk. Pop videos were becoming almost as important as pop records and Jackson’s videos were new and exciting. He was also a smart businessman. By the end of the eighties, Jackson was the richest star in pop. His life was very different from the life of most people. He lived alone in a big house, with animals and children as his friends. In 1982 Michael Jackson released the world’s largest selling album of all time “Thriller”. On the 25th of June 2009 Michael Jackson died suddenly of a reported heart problem. He was 50 years old. His influence on popular music and culture cannot be overestimated.
Step 10
Аудиозапись № 25 к заданию 1
Sir Christopher Wren is a famous British architect. He was born in 1632 and died in 1732. As an architect Wren introduced the forms of a Renaissance design to the English architecture.
After the Great Fire of London of 1666 thousands of buildings were destroyed in the capital of England. Wren began to replan the city and rebuilt 51 churches. Saint Paul’s Cathedral is one of them and this work of the prominent architect is certainly very special and important. Wren usually produced only a general plan of a church he was building and left the interior to be decorated by others. But Saint Paul’s Cathedral was a different story. It was too grand and magnificent. Wren worked on this Baroque-style building for about forty years. His final plan for it was in the form of a Latin cross with a huge dome that rises to 365 feet and is the Cathedral’s crowning glory. The building is decorated with two towers. There is a clock in one of them and the largest bell in England “Great Paul”. There are 12 smaller bells in the other tower. The Cathedral’s west front is decorated with rows of graceful columns.
St Paul’s has become the spiritual centre of the City of London. It has been the place for important occasions in the nation’s history: the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill, the wedding of the Prince of Wales. It is also the final resting place for many of the nation’s heroes.
Unit 3
Step 2
Аудиозапись № 28 к заданию 1
Albert Einstein, the Nobel Prize winner in Physics, was born on the 14th of March, 1879 in Germany.
He spent his childhood in Munich where later he began his schooling. Albert was trained as a teacher of physics and mathematics in Switzerland. In 1901, the year he got his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position of a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he was awarded a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) by the university of Zurich.
Einstein became a German citizen in 1914 and lived in Berlin until 1933 when he emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton, one of the oldest and most respected American universities.
At the start of his scientific work Einstein dealt with classical problems of statical mechanics, investigated the properties of light and laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. He also contributed to the theory of radiation. In 1921 Albert Einstein became the Nobel Prize winner and received honorary degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. He also had numerous awards in recognition of his work. For relaxation the great scientist often used music which played an important part in his life. Einstein died on the 18th of April 1955 at Princeton.
Step 3
Аудиозапись № 29 к заданию 1
Text 1
The planet Venus is named after the Roman goddess of beauty and love. Venus is the brightest planet in the solar system. We see it as the morning star or the evening star, depending on where it is on the journey around the Sun. Venus takes only 225 days to go around the Sun. So more than three years pass on Venus for every two years on Earth. It is the only planet to spin in the opposite way to the direction of its orbit.
Text 2
Jupiter is the largest of the planets in our solar system. It is twice the size of all the other planets put together. Jupiter’s force of gravity is great. Anyone on Jupiter would weigh twice as much as on Earth. Astronomers believe that most of Jupiter is hot liquid hydrogen. Jupiter spins so fast that a day and night last less than ten Earth-hours. But a year in Jupiter is 12 times longer than one of ours. This is because Jupiter is much farther from the Sun than we are.
Text 3
The planet Mercury is one of the smallest planets in the solar system. It is also the closest to the Sun. It rotates on its axis in 59 our days. During the long daylight hours, it is so hot that some metals could melt. During the long night, it grows unbelievably cold. Mercury possesses a thin atmosphere and big craters. It travels very fast through space. Its great speed and closeness to the Sun give it the shortest year of all the planets.
Text 4
Saturn is famous for the rings that circle it. These rings are made of millions of icy particles. Scientists believe that the rings may be the remains of a moon that drifted too close to Saturn and broke up. The planet is made up mainly of light gases, but scientists think that it may have a hard core. Saturn has 24 satellites. The largest of them is Titan. Titan is the only known moon to have an atmosphere — a layer of gases around it.
Text 5
The planet Mars is only about half the size of Earth. It takes about two years to travel around the Sun. The surface of Mars has huge volcanoes. The dust on the surface is red. This is why Mars is called the “Red Planet”. It has a North Pole and a South Pole, both covered with snow or frost. Seen through a telescope, the red surface of Mars is covered with thin grey lines. Some astronomers thought that these lines were canals which had been built by intelligent beings. But in fact no canals were found on Mars and so far no kind of life was found there either. A day on Mars is about the same length as an Earth day.
Text 6
Uranus is much farther away from the Sun than Earth. We cannot see Uranus just with our eyes. It was the first planet discovered with the help of a telescope. It looks like a greenish-yellow disk. Unlike our planet, Uranus is made up mainly of gases. Its whole surface is much colder than the coldest place on Earth. Uranus takes so long to orbit the Sun that one of its years lasts 84 of ours.
Step 4
Аудиозапись № 31 к заданию 1
— Mike Gibson is a well-known blogger whose site is visited by thousands of people. Today we are happy to have him in our studio. Hello, Mike!
— Hello. Thanks for inviting me here.
— Today we are talking about the role that various gadgets, devices and things like that play in the modern world. I suppose, for you a computer is something you can’t live without.
— You are right. I use it all the time. First of all, I earn my living with the help of my computer as I mostly work from home and the computer keeps me in touch with my office.
— We all know that your blog is extremely popular at the moment. So your computer is more than just a means of earning money.
— Sure. Keeping a blog allows me to share my views, ideas and opinions with other people and, in my turn, find out what they think or feel.
— What other electronic devices do you use?
— My smart phone makes my life easier to me. It has a lot of options and in many cases I use it instead of a computer.
— Anything else?
— Oh, let me see… I’ve got an iPad and use it from time to time. I haven’t got anything like an iPod because if I want to listen to music, I do it on the computer.
— Do you use a television or a radio?
— I don’t. I get the current news on the Internet and watch videos when I have free time.
— In other words, your computer and the Internet have replaced the old forms of mass media for you.
— It seems so. Though I know a lot of people who are quite fond of television. By the way, some of my friends turn on the radio as soon as they get into their cars.
— Do you think television will survive within the next ten years? Will it disappear altogether? What’s your opinion?
— I don’t think it’ll disappear. It may considerably change but I believe that in the middle of this century it will still exist in this or that form.
Step 5
Аудиозапись № 32 к заданию 1
— Look, Martin, I’ve just seen a new list of the Nobel Prize winners on the Internet. And I suddenly realized that I don’t know much about Nobel Prizes. You know a lot more about sciences. Can you enlighten me?
— I’ll try to. As far as I know, these prizes are given not only for inventions or discoveries in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine. People get the Nobel Prizes for literature and peace. There’s also the prize in economic sciences.
— Where does the money for these prizes come from?
— It was left by the Swedish engineer, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel who invented dynamite.
— When did it happen?
— Nobel died in 1896. He left nearly 9 million dollars to set up these prizes that now have his name.
— What’s known about him?
— Well, he made a lot of money through his invention of explosive dynamite the production of which brought Nobel his millions. He lived alone, avoided other people and was a pacifist.
— When did he invent the dynamite?
— In 1866. You know, there’s a sad side of this invention. In the sixties of the 19th century Alfred Nobel together with his father Immanuel, who was also an inventor, began to produce nitroglycerin in a factory near Stockholm. An accident in the factory killed five people including Nobel’s younger brother Emil.
— How awful.
— Yes, indeed. So Alfred began looking for a safer way of dealing with nitroglycerin, invented dynamite and patented it under this name.
— Was it his only patent?
— No. A skilful engineer, he introduced more than 350 patents.
— It’s strange, in my view, that there’s no prize for discoveries in mathematics.
— True. As a matter of fact Nobel established prizes for achievements only in five fields. Much later in 1969 the prize in economic sciences was introduced. It’s financed by the Central Bank of Sweden.
— And who makes decisions about the winners?
— Winners in physics, chemistry and economic sciences are named by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, those in physiology and medicine — by Caroline Institute, those in literature by the Swedish Academy, and those for contributing to peace by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The peace prize is awarded to individuals and to organizations.
Аудиозапись № 33 к заданию 2
1) The first set of the Nobel Prizes was awarded in 1901, on the 5th anniversary of his death.
2) The Nobel Prizes are awarded on the 10th of December because it is the date of his death.
3) Nobel Prizes are awarded in Sweden and Norway because Sweden and Norway used to be one country (Sweden) until 1905.
4) Alfred Nobel spoke five languages fluently — Swedish, English, French, German and Russian.
5) Though Nobel was a pacifist he thought that his invention of dynamite would end all wars as people would be afraid to destroy our civilization.
6) Some people called Nobel “the merchant of death” because his invention caused a lot of deaths.
7) Nobel left 94% of his money to establish the fund for the Nobel Prizes because he did not want to go down in history with such a horrible name as “the merchant of death”.
Step 6
Аудиозапись № 35 к заданию 1
One
Scientists were interested in measuring heat many centuries ago. But the first step in developing the science of heat was made when the thermometer was invented. “Thermo” means “heat”, and “meter” means “measure”. So a thermometer measures heat. An Italian scientist called Galileo began his experiments in 1592, one hundred years after Columbus discovered America. He made a kind of thermometer but it was not completely accurate. The type of the thermometer we use today appeared in the middle of the 17th century.
Two
You might think that something as useful and necessary as soap had been one of the first inventions of man. But soap is quite a modern thing in man’s history. It only goes back about 2 thousand years. What ancient people used to do was to cover their bodies with olive oil. They also used the juices of various plants to clean themselves. From the work of Pliny, a Roman writer who lived in the first century before Christ, we know that the Romans used two kinds of soap, soft and hard.
Three
This material to make clothes was invented quite recently and became known to people as nylon in 1938. It was entirely made by man. Nylon is made from four common elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen which are all found in air, water and coal. All these four elements are found in nature. Nylon is strong and elastic and stretches well.
Four
Stockings were invented to cover the legs for protection. The first stockings were made of leather, but not until the beginning of the Christian Era it became a common practice to wear them. The first stockings of the kind we wear today began to be used in France, then they appeared in England about the year 1565. Queen Elizabeth the First received a gift of silk stockings which pleased her greatly. Those stockings were made in Italy and were very expensive. Only very rich people could afford them. It wasn’t until the beginning of the 20th century that silk stockings really became available for the average person to wear.
Five
The dream of a flying machine is an old one. Leonardo da Vinci made drawings for a huge helicopter about the year 1500. But he never tried to build one. At the end of the 18th century a toy helicopter known as “the Chinese top” was shown in France. For the next hundred years a number of people made designs for helicopters. Some were fantastic, others almost practical, and only few of them actually flew. The Russian engineer Igor Sikorsky built two helicopters in 1909 and 1910. Toward the end of 1917, two Austro-Hungarian officers built a helicopter too. Work on helicopters continued in many parts of the world, but none of the machines were what the inventors had hoped for. In 1940 Igor Sikorsky who lived in the US at that time built a successful helicopter. It was the first practical machine of the kind.
Step 7
Аудиозапись № 36 к заданию 1
— You know, Caroline, I’ve just watched “Titanic” 3D movie. Have you seen it? If not, I advise you to do it. You’re sure to like it.
— I may. The thing is I’ve seen the original film that was released in 1997 with Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet starring in it. That was really something.
— I know. James Cameron, the director of “Titanic” was feeling like the king of the world with so many awards for the film. In fact, it is one and the same film but the impression is different.
— What awards did the film get? Do you remember?
— I’m not quite sure. I think they were for the best director, costume, original song and some others.
— “Titanic” was a very expensive film, wasn’t it?
— True. If my memory serves me right, the final costs of the film were close to 250 million pounds. If anyone could turn the film into a profitable movie, it was James Cameron. And he did it. The success was great. And now it is on the screens again.
— I think one of the reasons is the romantic story line. A boy and a girl from different social backgrounds meet during that tragic voyage. She, a teenage beauty travelling in luxurious conditions, he — a poor artist who sails six decks beneath her. She risks her life to save the man she loves.
— Yes. The story is a real romance full of love and sorrow.
— If you think about the real Titanic, an “unsinkable” floating palace, the triumph of the science and technology of its time and its tragic end, you’ll realise what a terrible loss it was for the whole world.
— In my view, the most striking thing about the film is the actors’ performance. The movie turned Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet into superstars.
— And they deserve this.
Step 8
Аудиозапись № 37 к заданию 1
Text 1
Sir Alexander Fleming is a British bacteriologist. He was born in Scotland in 1881 and received his degree from St Mary’s Hospital in London. During World War I he began searching for antibacterial substances. In 1928 he made his great discovery: he found penicillin which could attack staphylococcus culture and stopped the bacteria’s growth. He named the antibiotic “penicillin”. The new medicine was effective against many bacteria harmful to humans and saved a lot of lives. He got the Nobel Prize in 1945.
Text 2
Pierre de Fermat was born in France. He made important discoveries in analytic geometry and theory of numbers. Mathematics was only a hobby for Fermat who was a lawyer and government official for most of his life. Fermat’s greatest work was in theory of numbers. He is especially remembered for his last theorem whose proof could not be found for a long time. This Fermat’s theorem was proved only in 1995 by an American Sir Andrew John Wiles. Fermat published almost nothing during his lifetime: he described his discoveries mostly in letters to friends.
Text 3
Euclid lived in about 300 BC in Greece. He is one of the most famous mathematicians of all time. Very little is known about his life. We just know that he taught in Alexandria, Egypt and wrote the mathematics textbook called “The Elements”, an introductory work on elementary geometry and other topics. His textbook begins with definitions, postulates and axioms, which are still studied by modern pupils. It is believed that Euclid did not make any original discoveries but he managed to give the works of other mathematicians a new form.
Text 4
The famous Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus lived in the 18th century. He made two great contributions to the field of natural science: the classification of all known plants and animals, and worked out the system of scientific names to each plant and animal. The system called binominal nomenclature, gives a two-word Latin name to each organism. His famous book contains the classification of more than 4,000 animals, even human beings. It was Linnaeus in this work who first gave the humans the scientific name Homo sapiens.
Text 5
The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, a 19th century scientist, did revolutionary work in electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases. He graduated with a degree in mathematics from Cambridge and began teaching in universities. Maxwell’s first major contribution to science was the study of planet Saturn’s rings, the nature of which was much debated. He was also able to formulate the kinetic theory of gases. This theory showed that temperatures and heat involved only molecular movement. Another of his great achievements was the development of Michael Faraday’s theory of electricity and magnetism.
Step 9
Аудиозапись № 38 к заданию 1
— You know, Sergei, I’ve been living in Moscow for several months already and I’m surprised that very few people read newspapers in the underground or on the bus.
— Really? Is it different in Britain?
— At least in the locality where I live it is. And generally speaking, in my view British people buy more newspapers than Russians do.
— I’ve never thought of it. You may be right. Have you noticed any other things that are different?
— Well, in the UK newspapers are of two main types — quality papers or broadsheets and tabloids which are much smaller in size. In Russia they are all of more or less the same size.
— Is the size the only thing that makes them different?
— Certainly not. Probably more important is the fact that quality papers seriously analyze problems significant for the society while tabloids or “popular papers”, as we call them, produce more sensational materials.
— Do I understand it right that quality papers mostly concentrate on political problems?
— True, but they also contain industrial and financial news, discuss cultural, agricultural, legal aspects. Generally, they have more writing than pictures.
— And where is usually sports news published?
— In tabloids. The private life of famous people is also a sphere of their interest. They give information about entertainment events as well. And they certainly have the so-called gossip columns.
— Are newspapers owned by the government or by political parties?
— On the contrary, they are mostly in possession of individuals. Though some newspapers are company properties.
— Can you give some names, please?
— “The Independent”, “The Financial Times,” “The Guardian” are quality papers, “The Sun”, for example, is a typical tabloid.
Аудиозапись № 39 к заданию № 7
1) Isaac Newton 7) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
2) Yuri Gagarin 8) In Ancient Greece
3) Marie Curie 9) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev
4) Nicolas Copernicus 10) Michael Faraday
5) The USA 11) Gregor Mendel’s
6) Albert Einstein 12) Made the first projector and the first cinema film
Step 10
Аудиозапись № 40 к заданию 1
— The guest of our studio today is Kate Winslow, a journalist famous for her articles devoted to the problem of nuclear power stations. Hi, Kate, and welcome.
— Thanks for the invitation. In my opinion, it’s time for all of us to understand that nuclear power stations, though beneficial in many aspects, are not the only source of energy today. We should find some cleaner and less dangerous sources.
— As I understand, more and more European countries are against using atomic energy.
— The thing is that there is a fear that what happened in Japan could happen in any other country that uses nuclear power stations. Several European countries from Finland to Switzerland have turned more skeptical about nuclear energy.
— In Germany the population demands a faster shift from nuclear power after the disastrous Fukushima accident.
— Absolutely. More and more people begin to understand the threat that is hidden in them.
— And yet, is it possible to give up this source of energy at once all over the world?
— I don’t think it is. But governments, in my opinion, should reconsider their plans concerning the aging nuclear power stations. It is not safe to extend their lives, there also can be safety checks made more often and we should remember that the Fukushima tragedy was caused by the earthquake.
— Do you mean to say that nuclear power stations should be banned in those places where earthquakes can be expected?
— Quite so. Italy is one of them. Italy’s worst earthquakes were in 1980, and in 2009. The last one killed 300 people and ruined whole towns. Nuclear energy for Italy is very dangerous indeed. And now more than 50% of the Italians are against it.
— But not all European governments share this point of view.
— I know. Many of them have taken a pause to reflect. They say they cannot make the final choice as many people consider nuclear energy very important for the country’s economy. Maybe it is possible to have national referendums. At least everybody understands that we should protect our planet from the nuclear disaster.
Unit 4
Step 2
Аудиозапись № 43 к заданию 1
Human experience is marked by a refusal to accept our limitations. Man has tried to investigate the ground, the ocean, the sky. We have created planes, rockets, submarines and with their help made our lives more convenient and comfortable. Then the idea of producing powerful machines that can behave like humans came to life. Science-fiction authors began to write about cyborgs (machine-like humans), androids (human-robot hybrids) and other combinations beyond what we can imagine.
The ancient Greeks were among the first to build machines that could more or less imitate the intelligence and natural movements of people. In the epoch of European Renaissance there appeared first androids with life-like movements. For example, in 1540 Glanello Torriano, an Italian inventor, constructed a mandolin-playing lady. In 1772 a Swiss watchmaker built a child that could write a passage with a pen. In fact it was a mechanical computer that was fairly complex even by today’s standards.
Such inventions led scientists and philosophers to think that the human brain itself was just a complex mechanism.
The word “robot” appeared almost a century ago. Czech dramatist Karel Čapek first used the term in 1921 in his play. It comes from the Czech word “robota” meaning obligatory work. In the play, he describes the invention of intelligent biomechanical machines intended as servants for the human creators. His robots brought together all the elements of machine intelligence but didn’t have human charm and good will. Very significantly, Čapek’s robots introduced the idea of the robot as an imitation or substitute for a human being. A century has passed. Robots can do a lot. But can they really become our substitutes? That’s the question.
Step 3
Аудиозапись № 44 к заданию 1
Pallavi Vachani is from India, aged 22, lives in New York. You’ll hear an interview with her.
— Well, Pallavi, how would you describe yourself?
— I’m a very fun-loving, energetic, hard-working professional. I’m very proud of my Indian culture and enjoy sharing it with friends and family. I also like to travel and learn about new cultures, places, people.
— How did you get to where you are at this point in your life?
— I was born and grew up in New Delhi, India, and came to the United States at the age of thirteen. I was a bright student. Math and science were my favourite subjects. After leaving school I went to Rutgers University in New Jersey. There I did Computer Science. During my last year at university I was offered a full-time job at Microsoft Consulting services. I’ve been with Microsoft since then.
— What is your relationship with your parents like?
— We are a very close family and like to spend as much time together as possible. I have a great relationship with my parents. What I love about them most is that they change with the times and get adjusted to the ways of the new generation.
— Do you see yourself getting married?
— Yes! In fact, I’m getting married in August. His name is Greg and he is absolutely awesome. There’s never a dull moment between us.
— Do you see yourself getting kids?
— Maybe a little later. I think parenthood is a privilege and one must think and plan it very carefully.
— When time comes and you and Greg become parents, will you bring up your children in traditions of Indian or American culture?
— I think they will be truly American kids, like other children growing up in New York. But at the same time I hope to teach them to be proud of the fact that there is Indian blood in them. I’ll take them to Delhi where my aunts, uncles and cousins live. I think we should remember where we come from.
— What would you like to change about the US today?
— I’d like to change the way we interact and do business with the rest of the world. I don’t want my country to take part in any wars. The US should let the world live in peace.
— What is your main principle?
— Live the life you love. Life is full of possibilities. What is more, people can create possibilities for themselves.
Step 4
Аудиозапись № 46 к заданию 1
Speaker 1
It’s common knowledge that there are countries and areas which suffer from hunger. The world still remembers the year 1984 when hunger killed at least 800,000 people in Ethiopia. And it is only one of many examples, I think that this problem can be solved only with the help of the international community. Only cooperating people can relieve the crises of hunger. International organizations such as the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Development Programme and others play an important role in helping the population of the areas where hunger strikes. But they can’t do much without the support of governments and voluntary organizations.
Speaker 2
As I see it, the worst threats are threats to the environment. Probably one of the greatest shocks of the late 20th century was the discovery of the fact that the world’s environment can be so easily destroyed. It is possible that our children will see large mammals, elephants or bisones only in zoos or in films. The tropical rain forests are disappearing fast, the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful radiation, is being decreasing. I can’t help feeling worried about these processes.
Speaker 3
My concern is global warming. You know that average temperatures on Earth have been rising. Some scientists even speak about a catastrophic rise in temperature, an increase of 4.5 degrees Centigrade by the year 2050. Atmospheric warming will result in new migrations of plant and animal species. The traditional pattern of agriculture will have to be changed too. That is to say nothing of the danger of floods. As it is expected, large areas of surface may soon turn out to be covered with water. This problem can be solved only if the world industries take upon themselves the responsibility for this situation and if green politics becomes an element of modern society.
Speaker 4
I believe that one of very real threats to the future is the fast growth of population. There is a strong tendency for the population of poorer countries to increase faster than the population of more developed countries. The thing is that poor countries don’t have advanced agricultural technologies. As a result they need big families with more working hands on their fields. Some part of people move from the countryside to town where they often can’t find jobs. So the growth of population in such places and their being poor are closely connected. Scientists believe that there will be about 10 billion people on planet Earth by the year 2050. They will all need food, good drinking water, houses, jobs and much more than that. Isn’t it a real problem?
Step 5
Аудиозапись № 47 к заданию 1
— The guest of our studio today is Mr George Clover, a well-known British journalist, with whom I’d like to discuss the problem of globalization. Hello, Mr Clover, and welcome.
— Thank you.
— It seems that nowadays American culture is everywhere. How can you explain the fact?
— In the first place, this world-wide spread of American culture is the result of the process of globalization in trade.
— What do you mean? Could you be more specific?
— Well, North America itself is a large and wealthy territory. US corporations are doing very well at home but they have already succeeded in winning markets practically everywhere in the world.
— That’s true. And yet how has it happened?
— It is worth noticing that in such areas as entertainment, fast food and fizzy drinks such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi the US was the first in the field. The same can be said about the development of music recording technologies.
— Oh, yes. The US was ahead of any other country in these areas. It is even truer for moving pictures. Hollywood movies and jazz music have easily become exportable around the world.
— They have, haven’t they? So we can say that much of American culture’s success appears to lie in the fact that American corporations are wealthy and that they were the first in a number of fields.
— I see. But how have they continued to dominate?
— One answer to this question lies in the fact that people associate the United States with wealth and success. The idealized view of America as the land of the freedom where the streets are paved with gold, lives on.
— You mean to say that when people buy American products they feel that they buy a little of the country’s glamour, don’t you?
— Absolutely so. Wherever you live, and however much you earn, wearing Calvin Klein jeans makes you look like a wealthy westerner. And then American culture is also easy to understand. It is fairly simple and can be appreciated by everyone. American TV shows and movies rarely have unhappy endings. Like hamburgers and ice-cream milkshakes, American entertainment provides us with simple pleasures. It seems likely that US dominance will increase still further.
Step 6
Аудиозапись № 48 к заданию 1
— Hello, Vickie, and Happy Birthday to you! Many happy returns.
— Thanks, Jeremy.
— You’ve turned eighteen, haven’t you? How does it feel to be of age?
— I have a mixed feeling. On the one hand, now I can experience new things. On the other hand, there are many more responsibilities in my daily life now. My parents tend to treat me like an adult.
— I’m sure you’ll enjoy the freedom you get and being allowed to make your own decisions.
— I suppose you know what you’re talking about: you are two years older than me. Are you enjoying your freedom?
— I am. Especially since the time I began earning my own money.
— Really? How do you spend it?
— In different ways. Mostly on going out with my friends, buying books and films. Now I’m saving up because I’d like to go travelling.
— Where to?
— Some place like Thailand or Hong Kong. I haven’t decided yet.
— It sounds great. Are you still working in public relations?
— Yes, I am. To be honest, I didn’t quite like it first but now things are getting a lot better.
— What do you mean?
— I’m working for a small company. There are only three of us in the department and now I feel that I’m one of the team, responsible for the company’s good public image, you know. My boss trusts me to solve complicated problems. I feel that they need me. And you? Where do you see yourself in a couple of years after you leave college?
— I hope to begin working in sales. I see myself in a big shopping centre. I’d like to be a manager or have something to do with advertising. Anyhow, there’s still time to think about it.
Step 8
Аудиозапись № 51 к заданию 1
Speaker 1
My name is James, James Stone. I’m a writer. I graduated from the University of Sussex where I studied English Literature. In my view, the main problem of the future is basic moral values that the mankind should have. I make a special accent on the issue of selfishness. People need success, they also feel they should survive in the world of IT achievements and look for their own interests. But we are social animals and need other people dearly. I often ask myself the question — aren’t we too self-absorbed? Though I admit some people are completely selfless, they can only give. So what will our future be like? Will it be the society of givers or takers?
Speaker 2
I’m Kate Winslow, I’m sixteen. I think one of the problems of the future is the problem of people’s eating habits. Everybody seems to know this slogan “We are what we eat”, and this is true. We live in the country of fast food culture. We are always in a hurry. We have no time to relax and enjoy a meal. And at the same time we want our meals to be tasty. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Doctors say that chips and pizzas are fattening, coca cola spoils our teeth and coffee shortens our lives. It’s true that many people nowadays spend a lot of time in gyms exercising, but then they rush to have a good snack. So eating habits may become extremely important in the future.
Speaker 3
It’s difficult for me to discuss the main problems of the mankind in the future. I’m quite young and I believe that such things are to be discussed by more experienced people. But I can easily give you an example of what will be a very serious problem in a definite place in one of European countries in the near future. I was born in Venice and I’m living in it now. The beautiful ancient buildings of Venice are in constant danger. You certainly know that we have a system of canals within the city and a large number of motor boats transport people and goods. The waves created by the boats gradually destroy the foundations along the canals. This is a serious environmental problem that can lead to a disaster.
Speaker 4
I’m sure there won’t be any problems in the future. I live in Ireland now and I admit that there are a lot of problems in my life. But if you ask me, Douglas O’Brien, about the future, I can predict it easily. Life will certainly become better. Robots will do all the dangerous and dirty work for us. Thus house chores will be much easier. Robots will sweep and clean floors, dust the furniture, wash the dishes. I’m absolutely sure they will cook too. Everything will be done for people and they will work creatively. No routine labour, only interesting projects that will develop us and our civilization.
Speaker 5
My name is Alice Bell, I’m from Canada. I’ve been interested in animals since when, I think, I was born. I’m sure lots of them are in danger now and the situation will be even worse in the near future. Take, for example, Polar bears. They spend their lives on sea ice. They are very strong. They are also very good swimmers and hunters. What can threaten the lives of these beautiful and clever animals? Man, of course. Alaska natives shoot 100 bears a year, Canada — about 500. Besides, water pollution and global warming are even more threatening than hunting. What will happen to these Arctic animals in the future? This is certainly my concern.
Step 9
Аудиозапись № 52 к заданию 1
— Today in our studio we are having Mrs Patricia O’Neil, an expert in the development of languages existing on our planet. Welcome, Mrs O’Neil.
— Thank you. Please call me Patricia.
— OK. We’ve invited you, Patricia, to discuss the place of English in our world.
— I think it is a very interesting subject. Nobody, I hope, will deny the fact that English is widely spoken these days. It is often referred to as a “global language”. Though it is not an official language in many countries, more and more people over the world try and learn English as a second language.
— That’s true. In Russia, for example, the majority of parents would like their children to learn English and it is the foreign language most often taught in our secondary schools.
— It is fairly understandable. By the way, the situation is the same around the world. English can help a lot in practically all the spheres of our life.
— There is no doubt about it. But analyzing the status of the English language experts also express concern because there are arguments for and against this.
— I agree absolutely. On the one hand, it is very convenient to have a language that is able to unite people. If we all share one and the same means of communication, it is easier for us to understand each other.
— Yes, it is. And, in my opinion, it is very important for politicians.
— Not only. World trade, science, technology are also extremely significant and much dependent on the use of English. Frankly speaking, if you know English, you have a lot of advantages, especially abroad.
— That is evident. Benefits of being able to speak English are not disputed. But what are the disadvantages of the English language expansion throughout the globe?
— In my view, it can lead to the dominance of the English-speaking countries in the field of culture. Then this process can result in minority languages disappearing.
— We know such examples from history.
— We certainly do. Language death caused by English used to be particularly strong in areas like Australia and North America. For example, during the colonization many languages of North American Indians were absorbed by speakers of English.
— Can you comment on the process of borrowing words from English?
— Just as English itself borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English words appear and are highly used in a great number of languages around the world now. In my opinion, it is only natural.
Step 10
Аудиозапись № 53 к заданию 1
— Well, Dorothy, school is practically over. Any idea about what you’re going to do next?
— I hope to do modern languages in Manchester University. I’m taking my A level in French but in the future I’d like to study some oriental language as well, Chinese or Japanese. And you? What are your plans?
— Oh, I’m going to university after my gap year.
— Your gap year? Have you taken a gap year?
— Yes. I’ve always been keen on the idea of travelling. Last summer when I left school, I realized that a gap year was a good chance to do so.
— Where did you go? How long did you stay there?
— I spent eight months away altogether — four months in Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam), three months in Australia and then a final month back in Thailand.
— What made you choose that part of the world so far away from home?
— Southeast Asia has always interested me. No one from my family had ever been there so it seemed new and different. I was searching for something that wouldn’t be easy.
— What about your mum and dad? Did they support you?
— Actually it was hard saying goodbye — both for me and for my family — but they understood because going travelling was something I always talked about. I knew it would give me a lot of new experience, probably change me.
— Did it really happen the way you expected it to be?
— Travelling made me see the world entirely differently. It was like spending a year in the university of life.
— I’d like to spend a year abroad too after I’ve done one year at university. And I want to make myself useful during this year.
— In what way do you want to be useful?
— I thought I might teach English in a Chinese school.
— It’s a very good idea. I’m sure it will help you to widen your scope.
— And learn to be more independent. Though I’m certain I’ll miss my family and friends.
Ключи к заданиям учебника
Unit 1
Step 1
Ex. 6. 1) Andrew doesn’t cut his hair himself. 2) Aunt Beatrice doesn’t make her trousers and jackets herself. 3) The Harrisons do not cut grass in their garden themselves. 6) Little Susie doesn’t do her room herself. 7) Mr Harrison doesn’t wash his car himself. 9) Bob doesn’t cut his hair himself. 10) The Harrisons don’t decorate and paint their house themselves.
Ex. 8. 1) Scarlett has her flat done. 2) Scarlet has her clothes made. 3) Scarlet has flowers planted in her garden. 4) Scarlet has her house painted. 5) Scarlet has her car repaired. 6) Scarlet has her windows cleaned. 7) Scarlet has her linen washed. 8) Scarlet has her hair done.
Ex. 9. 2) to have them cleaned. 3) to have it repaired. 4) to have it shortened. 5) to have them repaired.
Ex. 10. 1d, 2i, 3a, 4e, 5f, 6c, 7b, 8j, 9h, 10g.
Step 2
Ex. 1. 1e, 2b, 3f, 4a, 5d, c — extra.
Ex. 2. I would like to have 1) my skirts washed; 2) my trousers pressed/ironed; 3) my coat dry-cleaned; 4) my photograph taken; 5) my hair cut; 6) my house painted; 7) my watch repaired; 8) the curtains hung.
Ex. 3. A. 1) runner; 2) sailor; 3) actor; 4) driver; 5) teacher; 6) painter; 7) dancer; 8) conductor; 9) director; 10) guitarist; 11) journalist; 12) inventor; 13) explorer; 14) typist; 15) designer.
B. 1) actors; 2) teacher; 3) guitarist; 4) driver; 5) dancer; 6) director; 7) sailor; 8) journalist; 9) typist; 10) painter; 11) runner; 12) conductor; 13) inventor; 14) explorer; 15) designer.
Ex. 4. 1C, 2E, 3A, 4F, 5B, 7D, 6 — extra.
Ex. 7. 1) career; 2) job; 3) occupation; 4) profession; 5) jobs; 6) career; 7) profession; 8) job/occupation; 9) occupation; 10) career; 11) profession; 12) job.
Ex. 8. 1) governor; 2) conqueror; 3) adventurer; 4) cartoonist; 5) novelist; 6) tourist; 7) archeologist; 8) operator.
Ex. 9. 1) preferable; 2) liking; 3) Russian; 4) composers; 5) famous; 6) musicians; 7) performances.
Ex. 10. 1c, 2b, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6c, 7c, 8a.
Step 3
Ex. 1. 1c, 2a, 3d, 4d, 5a.
Ex. 3. 1d, 2b, 3e, 4a, 5f, 6c.
Ex. 6. 1) either...or; 2) neither...nor; 3) neither...nor; 4) Either...or; 5) neither…nor; 6) neither...nor; 7) either...or; 8) neither...nor; 9) either...or; 10) either...or.
Ex. 8. 1) plays; 2) is; 3) has; 4) is; 5) has; 6) has; 7) is.
Ex. 9. 1) I have got two sisters. Neither of them lives in our city. 2) Which pen shall I give you — the yellow or the red one? — Either. 3) Would you like an apple or an orange? — Neither. 4) Neither Anna nor Vera wants to work in a hospital. 5) Either you or Tom must do this job. 6) When I was ill, I could neither eat nor drink.
Ex. 10. 1c, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6c, 7c, 8b, 9c, 10a.
Step 4
Ex. 1. True: 2, 3, 6, 7; false: 1; not stated: 4, 5.
Ex. 3. 1) tuition; 2) lasted; 3) set; 4) research; 5) apply; 6) advanced; 7) compulsory; 8) turn; 9) application; 10) nursery.
Ex. 4. You can use if in 1), 3), 6), 9).
Ex. 5. 1c, 2b, 3c, 4d, 5a, 6c, 7d.
Ex. 8. 1) Are all the schools in the UK state schools?
2) What are the most prestigious universities in the UK?
3) Which of the universities are the most ancient educational institutions?
4) What British universities are called red-brick universities?
5) How much do students usually pay annually for their university tuition?
6) What is understood by major subjects?
7) Who are Oxbridge students?
8) Are excellent GCSE grades enough for a candidate to become a Cambridge student?
Ex. 9. 1e, 2d, 3b, 4f, 5g, 6c, 7a, 8h.
Ex. 10. 1) active; 2) important; 3) graduated; 4) fast; 5) supply; 6) subject.
Step 5
Ex. 1. 1b, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5b.
Ex. 4. 1f, 2e, 3g, 4a, 5d, 6c, b — extra.
Ex. 5. 1f, 2e, 3c, 4a, 5g, 6h, 7b, 8d.
Ex. 6. 1) Nobody; 2) None; 3) No one/Nobody; 4) None; 5) none; 6) none; 7) No one/Nobody; 8) None; 9) None; 10) None.
Ex. 7. 1) is/are; 2) was; 3) believes; 4) support/supports; 5) thinks; 6) go/goes; 7) knows; 8) match/matches; 9) likes; 10) help/helps.
Ex. 8. 1) unjustly; 2) murderer; 3) dangerous; 4) existence; 5) importance; 6) foundation; 7) Romans; 8) settlement.
Ex. 9. 1) whether; 2) compulsory; 3) None; 4) tuition; 5) last: 6) whether; 7) needn’t; 8) none; 9) Advanced; 10) none.
Ex. 10. 1) nobody/no one; 2) none; 3) none; 4) None; 5) None; 6) None; 7) Nobody/No one; 8) none; 9) None; 10) Nobody/No one.
Step 6
Ex. 1. 1e, 2c, 3b, 4d, a — extra.
Ex. 3. 1) But it does. There are different varieties of English in the world. American English, Australian English, British English are among them. 2) True. 3) True. 4) False. In five countries (the UK, the USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand) English is used as a native language and in many more it is used as another official language. 5) True. 6) True. 7) False. There are dictionaries made in one, three or four languages. 8) False. It’s possible to learn a foreign language without living in an English-speaking country. 9) True. 10) False. There are twenty-six.
Ex. 5. 1) either; 2) none; 3) neither; 4) any; 5) none; 6) either; 7) any; 8) neither; 9) any; 10) either.
Ex. 6. 1) is separated; 2) to deal; 3) resulted; 4) will disappoint; 5) contain; 6) progress; 7) struggled; 8) to avoid; 9) acquainted; 10) identify; 11) practice; 12) footsteps.
Ex. 7. True: 1, 4, 7; false: 3, 6; not stated: 2, 5.
Ex. 8. 1) any, either; 2) Neither; 3) None; 4) Neither; 5) none; 6) no one; 7) neither; 8) none; 9) any; 10) either.
Ex. 9. 1) doing; 2) with; 3) as; 4) by; 5) for; 6) practise; 7) make; 8) as; 9) mentioning; 10) mother’s.
Ex. 10. 1) difference of the varieties; 2) preferable; 3) common roots; 4) people struggle to understand; 5) would have to go with the British; 6) God-like; 7) how this translates into cultural expression; 8) in their everyday dealings with people; 9) an informal people; 10) when all is said and done.
Step 7
Ex. 1. 1c, 2c, 3b, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7c.
Ex. 2. 1) dealer — торговец, дилер; 2) disappointed — разочарованный; 3) disappointing — разочаровывающий; 4) identification — a) отождествление, опознание, b) документ, удостоверяющий личность; 5) identity — идентичность, тождественность; 6) progressive — прогрессивный; 7) separation — отделение, разделение, разлука.
Ex. 3. 1) in; 2) up; 3) for; 4) out; 5) at; 6) out; 7) for; 8) on.
Ex. 8. 1) go; 2) identity; 3) disappointed; 4) practise; 5) both, neither; 6) either; 7) acquaintance; 8) at; 9) in; 10) contains.
Ex. 9. 1) to become; 2) universities; 3) first; 4) has completed; 5) go; 6) received; 7) lower; 8) are.
Ex. 10. 1) cut; 2) looks; 3) called; 4) set; 5) beating; 6) signed; 7) call; 8) looking; 9) called; 10) sign.
Step 8
Ex. 3. 1d, 2f, 3b, 4a, 5h, 6g, 7e, c — extra.
Ex. 4. 1b, 2b, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6b, 7b, 8a, 9b, 10a.
Ex. 7. (sample): 1) However/anyhow; 2) actually/in fact; 3) However/anyhow; 4) on the contrary; 5) as/because; 6) nevertheless; 7) Besides/actually/in fact; 8) so that’s why; 9) although/however.
Ex. 8. 1) working; 2) really; 3) important; 4) decision; 5) development; 6) discoveries; 7) rapidly.
Ex. 9. 1) gap year; 2) employers; 3) something original; 4) to get down to; 5) to create an illusion; 6) truly; 7) a beach lifeguard; 8) to earn a fortune; 9) to ignore; 10) they want to meet the expectations of the society; 11) movies; 12) to follow other people’s footsteps; 13) proper.
Ex. 10. 1) although; 2) as/because; 3) never-theless/although; 4) that’s why; 5) on the contrary; 6) eventually/in the end; 7) actually/in fact; 8) however/anyhow; 9) One the one hand, on the other hand, besides; 10) as a result.
Step 9
Ex. 1. 1d, 2f, 3a, 4b, 5e, c — extra.
Ex. 6. A. 1) if/whether; 2) whether; 3) whether; 4) if/whether; 5) if/whether.
B. 1) either; 2) neither; 3) neither; 4) either/neither; 5) neither; 6) either.
C. 1) none; 2) none; 3) no one; 4) none; 5) no one; 6) no one.
D. 1) either; 2) any; 3) any; 4) either; 5) either.
Ex. 7. 1) became; 2) his; 3) was expected; 4) felt; 5) him; 6) began; 7) had already become; 8) published; 9) worse; 10) spend.
Ex. 8. 2) so-called; 3) has made; 6) The profession; 7) neither; 9) separated; 10) struggling; 11) to get acquainted; 12) neither me nor my friends.
Ex. 9. 1c, 2b, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8c.
Ex. 10. 1) lawyer — юрист, адвокат; 2) scientist — ученый; 3) usher — билетёр, капельдинер; 4) designer — дизайнер; 5) decorator — декоратор, оформитель; 6) conductor — дирижёр; 7) butcher — мясник; 8) grocer — бакалейщик; 9) announcer — диктор; 10 ) sailor — моряк; 11) dentist — стоматолог; 12) physicist — физик; 13) essayist — эссеист; 13) senator — сенатор.
Step 10
Ex. 1. 1B, 2D, 3A, 4E, 5C, 6 — extra.
Ex. 2. 1d, 2a, 3d, 4c, 5b, 6b, 7c.
Ex. 3. 1) did not have; 2) ourselves; 3) were expected; 4) were not allowed; 5) first; 6) greatest; 7) was caught; 8) their; 9) are disappearing/have disappeared.
Ex. 4. 1) adventurous; 2) choice; 3) various; 4) knowledge; 5) pronunciation; 6) unexpected.
Ex. 5. 1b, 2d, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6d, 7a.
UNIT 2
Step 1
Ex. 2. 2, 5, 11.
Ex. 5. A. 1b, 2f, 3h, 4a, 5c, 6d, 7e, 8g.
Ex. 6. 1f, 2h, 3c, 4d, 5a, 6g, 7e, b — extra.
Ex. 7. 1) merry-go-rounds; 2) sisters-in-law; 3) phenomena; 4) curricula; 5) forget-me-nots, lilies of the valley; 6) passers-by; 7) brothers-in-law; 8) phenomena; 9) forget-me-nots, lilies of the valley; 10) sons-in-law.
Ex. 8. 1) estimated the time of the trip; 2) constant talking; 3) shaped the plasticine; 4) diverse backgrounds; 5) reflect her good taste; 6) refer to this information; 7) reveal my secret; 8) value of land.
Ex. 9. 1) For some people… for others…; 2) patterns of human behaviour; 3) helps civilizations to survive; 4) Culture reveals itself; 5) man-made objects; 6) what is acceptable and what is not; 7) shapes our personalities; 8) a feeling of belonging and togetherness; 9) in most cases; 10) they were raised by parents; 11) use age and gender; 12) to exchange certain cultural elements.
Ex. 10. 1) men, women; 2) mice; 3) sisters-in-law; 4) phenomena; 5) curricula; 6) sheep; 7) species; 8) gees; 9) lilies of the valley; 10) brothers-in-law; 11) fish; 12) fruit.
Step 2
Ex. 1. 1f, 2e, 3a, 4b, 5c, d — extra.
Ex. 2. True: 1, 6, 8; false: 2, 3; not stated: 4, 5, 7.
Ex. 4. Constantly — постоянно; diversity — разнообразие; estimation — оценка; reference — упоминание, ссылка; reflection — отражение; revelation — откровение, открытие; valuable — ценный.
Ex. 6. 1) the princess’s shoes; 2) the Moon’s surface; 3) Paul and Fred’s car; 4) the city’s square; 5) —; 6) a moment’s hesitation; 7) two kilometres’ distance; 8) under the sun’s rays; 9) Roger and Rose’s teacher; 10) Ann’s and Betty’s computers; 11) — .
Ex. 7. 1) difference; 2) broadly; 3) learned; 4) especially; 5) intelligent; 6) hunting; 7) knowledge.
Ex. 8. 1) phenomenon; 2) species; 3) goose; 4) tooth; 5) story; 6) deer; 7) curriculum; 8) datum; 9) medium; 10) wife; 11) leaf; 12) mouse; 13) roof; 14) belief; 15) foot.
Ex. 9. 2) children’s; 3) sisters-in-law; 5) father-in-law’s; 6) one of the legs of the chair; 7) the wheel of a bicycle; 12) the pages of the book.
Ex. 10. 1) became; 2) was first celebrated; 3) hundredth; 4) houses; 5) most important; 6) second; 7) discovered; 8) their; 9) children; 10) his.
Step 3
Ex. 1. 1b, 2a, 3c, 4c, 5b, 6a, 7b.
Ex. 2. 1) a, —; 2) —, a; 3) a, —, —; 4) a, —; 5) a, —; 6) —, a; 7) a, —, a; 8) a, —; 9) —, a; 10) —, a.
Ex. 3. Goal — aim; advantage — benefit; different — diverse; shape — form; think — reflect; precious — valuable; affect — influence; acquire — receive; estimate — value; constantly — always; admit — accept; comfortable — convenient; average — common; personal — individual.
Ex. 7. 1) historians; 2) decisive; 3) Western; 4) briefly; 5) impassable; 6) unbearably; 7) impassable; 8) awfully; 9) impassable.
Ex. 8. 1) beauty, a beauty, the charm, youth; 2) speech, a speech; 3) a great experience, the children, experience; 4) made of glass; champagne, a sparkling wine, a special champagne glass; 5) the age, medicine, the headache, a medicine; 6) Copper, a soft reddish metal, a copper; 7) the wall, stone, the cruel hunter, a stone; 8) made of brick, a brick; 9) a lot of perfume, a perfume; 10) experience, the field, a bitter experience.
Ex. 10. 1) to shape; 2) makes; 3) wish; 4) find; 5) their; 6) is achieved; 7) us; 8) to be driven; 9) more; 10) more; 11) first.
Step 4
Ex. 2. 1e, 2b, 3g, 4a, 5f, 6c, d — extra.
Ex. 3. Sacred Texts: 1) Christianity; 2) Buddhism; 3) Islam; 4) Judaism. Sacred Symbols: 1) Christianity; 2) Buddhism; 3) Islam; 4) Judaism. Sacred Buildings: 1) Christianity; 2) Buddhism; 3) Judaism; 4) Islam.
Ex. 6. 1c, 2a, 3c, 4a, 5d, 6a.
Ex. 7. 1) —; 2) a; 3) —, —, —; 4) a; 5) —; 6) —; 7) an; 8) the; 9) —; 10) —.
Ex. 8. 1) Potatoes; 2) chicken, fish; 3) fishes; 4) potato; 5) apples; 6) potato; 7) fish; 8) fish; 9) apple; 10) potato.
Ex. 9. 1) reflection, different; 2) revelations; 3) estimation; 4) diversity; 5) shapeless; 6) reference; 7) constantly; 8) invaluable.
Ex. 10. b, a, c, c, a, c.
Step 5
Ex. 1. 1c, 2c, 3a, 4b, 5c, 6b, 7c.
Ex. 3. 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3.
Ex. 4. 1) have been; 2) was chosen; 3) centuries; 4) had been; 5) worst; 6) rode; 7) was found; 8) will be/is; 9) became.
Ex. 5. 1) for; 2) out; 3) to; 4) up; 5) for, for; 6) for; 7) out; 8) for; 9) to; 10) up.
Ex. 7. 1e, 2a, 3d, 4c, 5b.
Ex. 8. 1) стадо; 2) стая; 3) рой; 4) стая; 5) стадо; 6) косяк; 7) связка, букет; 8) вязанка.
Ex. 9. 1) herd; 2) crowd; 3) crew; 4) bundle; 5) flock; 6) team; 7) swarm; 8) committee; 9) family; 10) audience; 11) bunch; 12) army; 13) herd; 14) pride; 15) pack; 16) government; 17) class; 18) school.
Ex. 10. 1) for; 2) for; 3) out; 4) up; 5) for; 6) out; 7) to; 8) for, for.
Ex. 11. 1) ruler; 2) injustices; 3) courageous; 4) unexpectedly; 5) unsuspecting; 6) weakness; 7) helpful; 8) kingdoms.
Step 6
Ex. 1. True: 2, 5, 6, 7, 8; false: 3; not stated: 1, 4, 9.
Ex. 6. 1) recognized; 2) trends; 3) scored of; 4) sincere; 5) deny; 6) glorious; 7) masterpieces.
Ex. 7. 1) blue; 2) green; 3) brown; 4) black; 5) white; 6) yellow; 7) red; 8) white; 9) blue; 10) red; 11) black; 12) green.
Ex. 8. 1) composer; 2) childhood; 3) artist; 4) artistic; 5) musicians; 6) artists; 7) visitors; 8) observation; 9) evident; 10) development.
Ex. 9. 1c, 2g, 3h, 4a, 5f, 6b, 7d, 8i, 9e.
Ex. 10. 1) “Rye” by Ivan Shishkin; 2) “The Swan Princess “ by Mikhail Vrubel; 3) “The Rooks Have Come” by Alexei Savrasov; 4) “Portrait of A. Pushkin” by Orest Kiprensky; 5) “Alyonushka” by Victor Vasnetsov; 6) “Golden Autumn” by Isaak Levitan; 7) “The Tenth Wave” by Ivan Aivazovsky; 8) “A Lady on Horseback” by Karl Bryullov.
Step 7
Ex. 1. True: 1, 4, 6, 8; false: 3, 5; not stated: 2, 7.
Ex. 2. Denial — отрицание; glory –слава, великолепие; recognizable — узнаваемый; sincerely — искренне; trendy — очень модный; vaguely — неясно, туманно.
Ex. 3. 1c, 2a, 3b, 4f, 5d, e — extra.
Ex. 6. 1) Do not leave bags unattended; 2) Staff only; 3) Keep right; 4) To let; 5) Please queue other side; 6) Mind your head; 7) Keep your dog on the lead; 8) Beware of pickpockets; 9) Sold out; 10) No trespassing; 11) Mind your step; 12) Please do not remove the furniture.
Ex. 7. 1) —; 2) a; 3) —, —, a; 4) —, a, an; 5) a; 6) a; 7) a, —; 8) —, the, the, a; 9) —, —; 10) —, —.
Ex. 8. 1e, 2d, 3a, 4b, 5f, 6c.
Ex. 9. 1) sprung; 2) sent; 3) had never been met; 4) were taken; 5) their; 6) were; 7) began; 8) were helped; 9) found.
Ex. 10. 1) Please do not…; 2) No…; 3) Beware…; 4) Nothing…; 5) Please do not feed; 6) Staff…; 7) …out; 8) …out of the window; 9) …order; 10) …unattended; 11) …other side; 12) …the grass.
Step 8
Ex. 1. 1e, 2b, 3d, 4f, 5a, c — extra.
Ex. 3. 3, 5, 6.
Ex. 5. Theatre: a curtain, a performance, a play, an usher, a dramatist, a box, scenery, to stage; cinema: a screen, a thriller, a soundtrack, 3D, to shoot, to star, to dub; theatre and cinema: a musical, an audience, stalls, a seat, to applaud, to book, to show, to direct.
Ex. 7. 1) seat; 2) rose; 3) artist; 4) row, stage; 5) was raised, scenery; 6) view, lay; 7) colours; 8) viewers; 9) fun; 10) for.
Ex. 8. 1) southern; 2) first; 3) first; 4) different; 5) happiness; 6) dangerous; 7) usually; 8) beautiful; 9) variety.
Ex. 9. 1) have passed, began, did you begin, have you made; 2) is she doing; 3) did the conversation take place; 4) did you tell her; 5) Had she read a lot… before she got…; 6) Do you always visit… when you come…; 7) Do you know when she will come/is coming; 8) did you meet her…, did you explain; 9) was waiting for you; 10) Have your parents been informed/are your parents informed…
Ex. 10. 1b, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5c, 6c, 7b, 8a, 9a, 10b.
Step 9
Ex. 1. True: 2, 3, 5, 7, 8; false: 4; not stated: 1, 6.
Ex. 2. A. 1) white; 2) green; 3) black; 4) blue; 5) green; 6) blue; 7) red.
B. 1) exit; 2) Staff; 3) vacancies; 4) disturb; 5) trespassing; 6) tidy; 7) Beware.
Ex. 3. A. 1d, 2f, 3a, 4c, 5e, 6b; 1) glorious; 2) sincere; 3) diverse; 4) trendy; 5) vague; 6) constant.
B. 1e, 2b, 3d, 4c, 5a, 6f; 1) deny; 2) recognize; 3) estimate/estimated; 4) reveals; 5) was reflecting/reflected; 6) value.
Ex. 4. 1) —, a; 2) — a; 3) —, an; 4) a, an, —; 5) a, —; 6) a, —, the; 7) —, a, the; 8) —, a; 9) —, a; 10) a, a, the.
Ex. 5. 1) surprisingly; 2) skilful; 3) wooden; 4) worshippers; 5) Russian; 6) goodness; 7) kindness.
Ex. 8. 1) to; 2) on; 3) in; 4) of; 5) in; 6) —; 7) as; 8) to/towards; 9) to; 10) of.
Ex. 9. 1) phenomena; 2) brothers-in-law; 3) fish (fishes); 4) mice; 5) geese; 6) deer; 7) hairs (hair); 8) feet; 9) children; 10) women; 11) sheep; 12) Japanese; 13) Englishmen; 14) data; 15) curricula.
Ex. 10. 1) the sun’s rays; 2) the plane’s crew; 3) Australia’s deserts; 4) my brother-in-law’s child; 5) a kilometre’s distance; 6) a moment’s silence; 7) William and Emma’s cottage; 8) William’s and Emma’s cottages; 9) my son-in-law’s car; 10) Wednesday’s meetings.
Step 10
Ex. 1. True: 2, 4, 5; false: 1, 3; not stated: 6, 7.
Ex. 2. 1c, 2e, 3f, 4d, 5a, 6g, 7b.
Ex. 3. 1) national; 2) famous; 3) different; 4) rappers; 5) musicians; 6) various; 7) easily.
Ex. 4. 1) do they go; 2) do they do; 3) biggest; 4) brightest; 5) best; 6) is called; 7) cheaper; 8) showing; 9) latest; 10) bigger; 11) older.
Ex. 5. 1a, 2c, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6d, 7c, 8a.
Unit 3
Step 1
Ex. 4. 1) worth; 2) captivated; 3) touch; 4) possesses; 5) worth; 6) stir; 7) figure; 8) melt; 9) comprehensible; 10) Miracles; 11) stuff; 12) suspect.
Ex. 5. 1d, 2g, 3h, 4a, 5f, 6b, 7e, c — extra.
Ex. 7. 1) “Bravely” modifies the verb “acted” and tells “how”. 2) “Very” modifies the adjective “funny” and tells “to what extent”. 3) “Everywhere” modifies the verb “to laugh” and tells “when”. 4) “Often” modifies the verb “make”. 5) “Sometimes” modifies the verb “forget” and tells “when”. 6) “Widely” modifies the verb “are used” and tells “how”. 7) “Too” modifies the adverb “far” and tells “to what extent”. 8) “Inside” modifies the verb “were” and tells “where”. 9) “Tomorrow” modifies the verb “be” and tells “when”. 10) “Well” modifies the verb “knows” and tells “how”.
Ex. 8. Accidentally (how?); slowly (how?); highly (to what extent?); partially (to what extent?); rather (to what extent?); identically (how?); easily (to what extent?); today (when?); historically (how?); permanently (when?); there (where?).
Ex. 9. 1) had melted; 2) possess; 3) touched; 4) the building was worth…; 5) comprehensible; 6) a miracle; 7) suspect; 8) stir up; 9) captivated; 10) figure out; 11) this old stuff.
Ex. 10. 2) a hundred; 3) three hundred children; 5) two dozen pupils; 7) letters; 8) hundreds of people.
Step 2
Ex. 1. True: 1, 3, 4; false: 2, 6; not stated: 5, 7.
Ex. 4. Captivating — пленительный, чарующий; comprehend — понимать; miraculous — чудесный, удивительный; possession — обладание, владение, имущество; possessive — собственнический, ревнивый, властный; suspicion — подозрение; suspicious — подозрительный, подозревающий; touching — трогательный; touchy — обидчивый; worthy — достойный.
Ex. 5. 1) The young lady spoke cheerfully. 2) The match was stopped because it was raining heavily. 3) They answered our questions about their future simply and clearly. 4) She explained the incident rather clumsily. 5) The old gentleman smiled slyly (slily) and nodded. 6) He answered rather dryly (drily). 7) Do you live happily in your new family? 8) Why are you moving so noisily along the corridor? 9) Did you notice that Uncle Tom was smiling wryly? 10) I understood I would work hard.
Ex. 6. 2) who lives nearer to the school… 3) …listened to her teacher more patiently than usual. 4) ….comes to school latest of all… 7) works fastest of all; 8) …fairly fluently; 9) …most frequently of all the pupils. 10) …to the office earlier tomorrow… 11) …done the sums fastest? 12) she runs fastest of all…
Ex. 7. A. 1) stuff; 2) thing; 3) thing; 4) stuff; 5) stuff; 6) stuff.
B. 1) all this stuff; 2) where is all the camping stuff; 3) the rest of your stuff; 4) kind of stuff; 5) all the stuff.
Ex. 8. 1) calmly; 2) more brightly; 3) completely; 4) louder; 5) latest; 6) fastest; 7) most gracefully; 8) more dangerously; 9) brighter; 10) more bravely.
Ex. 9. Bad — badly; beautiful — beautifully; brilliant — brilliantly; brave — bravely; clear — clearly; clever — cleverly; careless — carelessly; careful — carefully; correct — correctly; dry — dryly/drily; foolish — foolishly; loud — loudly; patient — patiently; quiet — quietly; soft — softly; sly — slyly/slily; true — truly; wild — wildly; wry — wryly; whole — wholly.
Ex. 10. 1c, 2d, 3b, 4b, 5c, 6d, 7a.
Step 3
Ex. 1. 1d, 2c, 3g, 4b, 5a, 6e, f — extra.
Ex. 4. 1) Facebook — Фейсбук, популярная социальная сеть; 2) to post photos on Facebook — размещать, опубликовывать фотографии на Фейсбуке; 3) to upload sth on one’s page — загружать, размещать на своей странице; 4) a Facebook page — страница на Фейсбуке; 5) to be on a website — быть в социальных сетях; 6) laptop = notebook — переносной компьютер; 7) profile — профиль, информация о пользователе; 8) to set sth to private — настроить, обеспечить конфиденциальность, ограничить доступ; 9) modeling website — служба поддержки сайта; 10) to take down the profile — удалить профиль; 11) to type sb’s name into Facebook — найти кого-либо на Фейсбуке; 12) to click on a profile — «кликнуть» на профиль; 13) to add someone — добавить кого-либо в список контактов.
Ex. 6. 1) They had a falling out…; 2) They couldn’t convince the directors…; 3) The company has more than 50 employees; 4) She was an amazing teacher…; 5) He is an adult person already; 6) I’ve got no faith in her. 7) Her entire life…; 8) A new animated cartoon was released…; 9) Jane…was fired; 10) They… decided to hire a taxi.
Ex. 7. 1) worse; 2) most; 3) most; 4) less; 5) most; 6) farther; 7) farther; 8) better; 9) worst.
Ex. 8. 1) are/were laid; 2) connecting/to connect; 3) first; 4) was solved; 5) were discovered; 6) be wrapped; 7) most difficult; 8) broke/was broken; 9) first.
Ex. 9. 1) sooner; 2) more/less fluently; 3) earliest; 4) lower; 5) more carefully; 6) hardest; 7) more slowly; 8) less, more; 9) further; 10) more efficiently.
Ex. 10. 1) of; 2) out; 3) in; 4) for; 5) —; 6) of; 7) in; 8) by; 9) — 10) of.
Step 4
Ex. 1. True: 1, 5, 6; false: 2, 4; not stated: 3, 7.
Ex. 2. 1) an adult — взрослый человек; 2) to amaze — изумлять, поражать; 3) amazed — изумлённый; 4) amazement — изумление; 5) convincing — убедительный; 6) to employ — нанимать на работу; 7) entirely — полностью, целиком; 8) faithful — верный.
Ex. 3. 1d, 2c, 3f, 4a, 5g, 6e, 7b.
Ex. 5. 1b, 2d, 3a, 4d, 5b.
Ex. 7. 1) wrongly; 2) highly; 3) mostly; 4) wrongly; 5) high; 6) hard; 7) nearly; 8) widely; 9) wrongly; 10) most; 11) hardly; 12) lately; 13) widely; 14) rightly; 15) most.
Ex. 8. 1b, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5b, 6a, 7c.
Ex. 10. 1) agreement; 2) invention; 3) permission; 4) discovery; 5) useful; 6) application; 7) description; 8) drawing; 9) examiners.
Step 5
Ex. 1. 1c, 2a, 3b, 4c, 5b, 6c.
Ex. 2. 1b, 2b, 3c, 4c, 5b, 6b, 7b.
Ex. 3. а — 6, 11, 14, 15, 16; b — 1, 2; c — 3, 5, 7, 8, 12; d — 4; e — 10; f — 9, 13.
Ex. 5. 1) exhibitions; 2) suitable; 3) searched; 4) restored; 5) dived; 6) suitable; 7) sank; 8) picked; 9) reminded; 10) luxurious, suitable; 11) searched; 12) exhibition.
Ex. 6. 1) scholars; 2) sank, got drowned; 3) rents; 4) hired; 5) hired; 6) hire; 7) hired; 8) drowned; 9) scholar; 10) hired; 11) rented; 12) scientist.
Ex. 7. 1) Все знают, что танцор из Бетти никакой. Она плохо танцует. 2) Мой компьютер крайне нуждается в ремонте (Его срочно необходимо ремонтировать). 3) Твой успех зависит от того, насколько сильно ты хочешь быть успешным. 4) Она понимает (ощущает, чувствует), что с ней плохо обращаются. 5) Если ты провалишься, никто не будет плохо о тебе думать. 6) Встреча (митинг) была плохо организована. 7) Анна сильно скучает по нему. 8) Крышу крайне (срочно) необходимо чинить. 9) Еда была так плохо приготовлена, что я не мог ее есть. 10) В конце года все они ощутили крайнюю необходимость в отдыхе (что им очень нужно отдохнуть). 11) Его избили так сильно, что родителям пришлось вызвать «скорую помощь».
Ex. 8. 1) worse; 2) more badly; 3) worst; 4) most badly; 5) more badly; 6) worst.
Ex. 9. 1) luxurious hotel; 2) often reminded; 3) eagle dive; 4) sank deep; 5) restored by the new owners; 6) exhibition of ancient art; 7) highly suitable; 8) searched all the rooms; 9) picked up the heavy bags.
Ex. 10. A. 1) widely; 2) high; 3) mostly; 4) highly; 5) nearly; 6) most; 7) hard; 8) near; 9) hardly; 10) late; 11) wide; 12) lately.
B. 1) scholars; 2) sink; 3) rent; 4) drowned; 5) hire; 6) scientist.
Step 6
Ex. 1. 1c, 2e, 3a, 4d, 5f, b — extra.
Ex. 2. 1) to exhibit — выставлять (напоказ); 2) an exhibit — экспонат; 3) luxury — роскошь; 4) restoration — реставрация, восстановление; 5) search — поиск; 6) suit — подходить.
Ex. 3. 1d, 2c, 3g, 4h, 5f, 6b, 7e, a — extra.
Ex. 6. 1) up; 2) up; 3) on; 4) up; 5) up; 6) up; 7) up; 8) on; 9) out; 10) out.
Ex. 7. 1. a) one thousand four hundred (and) seven; b) one million two hundred (and) forty-nine thousand five hundred (and) forty-eight; c) six thousand (and) seventy-five; d) eight thousand one hundred (and) thirty-five; e) a/one hundred (and) ninety-nine; f) five million eight hundred (and) seventy-six thousand two hundred (and) seventy eight; 2. a) seventeen of eight; b) area code four nine five, three nine one, nine four, eight seven; c) nought point two five; d) zero point seven five; e) SU two oh three; f) a half; g) three quarters; h) seven and a half.
Ex. 8. 1) exhibits; 2) exhibition; 3) suitable; 4) restoration; 5) luxurious; 6) luxury; 7) search; 8) restore; 9) remind; 10) diving.
Ex. 9. 1) to be unsinkable; 2) exact location; 3) team led by; 4) unmanned diving vessel; 5) research ship; 6) was equipped; 7) movable video camera; 8) robotic arms; 9) eyeglasses; 10) new evidence.
Ex. 10. 1) call; 2) picked; 3) speak; 4) speak; 5) picked; 6) calling; 7) speak; 8) picked; 9) called; 10) picked; 11) speak; 12) pick.
Step 7
Ex. 1. True: 3, 5, 6; false: 1; not stated: 2, 4, 7.
Ex. 2. 1b, 2a, 3d, 4c, 5c, 6b, 7a.
Ex. 3. 1) remember; 2) remind; 3) remind; 4) remember; 5) reminded; 6) remind; 7) reminds; 8) remembers; 9) remembers; 10) remind.
Ex. 6. 1) generated, produced; 2) created; 3) built, constructed; 4) produces; 5) cook, prepare, knock up; 6) produces, manufactures; 7) designing; 8) erected, put up, constructed, built; 9) formulating, creating; 10) designed, invented; 11) caused, created; 12) produces, generates; 13) built, constructed.
Ex. 7. A. BrE: 8/9 — the eighth of September, or September the eighth; 5/6 — the fifth of May, or May the fifth; 3/10 — the third of October, or October the third; 11/12 — the eleventh of December, or December the eleventh; AmE: 5/6 — June fifth; 4/2 — February fourth; 17/1 — January seventeenth; 8/12 — December eighth.
B. BrE: the fifth of April, or April the fifth; the ninth of August, or August the ninth; the eighth of March, or March the eighth; the fifth of November, or November the fifth. AmE: January first; June fifteenth; September tenth; February twenty-eighth; December thirty-first.
Ex. 8. a) three four two treble eight; b) five four double seven nine; c) three eight double four two; d) area code — treble five treble six three two one; e) seven two double nine eight seven.
Ex. 9. 1) about; 2) of; 3) up; 4) on; 5) in; 6) for; 7) on; 8) off; 9) out; 10) up.
Ex. 10. Search — look for; faith — belief; grown-up — adult; release — set free; miracle — wonder; hire — rent; figure out — understand; lift — pick up; comprehensible — understandable; whole — entire; amazing — striking; possess — have; captivating — gripping.
Step 8
Ex. 1. 1e, 2f, 3b, 4a, 5d, c — extra.
Ex. 2. 1) knows; 2) are constantly learning/learns; 3) are built; 4) thought; 5) smallest; 6) have found; 7) is made; 8) are held; 9) is still not known.
Ex. 4. 1e, 2g, 3a, 4h, 5f, 6b, 7d, c — extra.
Ex. 8. 1) Arabic; 2) exactly; 3) highly; 4) colourful; 5) drawings; 6) scientific; 7) illustrations.
Ex. 9. 1) out; 2) up; 3) into; 4) about; 5) for; 6) of; 7) out; 8) on; 9) at; 10) in; 11) under; 12) of.
Ex. 10. (sample): 1) Yes, I know but…/Sorry to interrupt but…; 2) Look here…/There’s one point I’d like to make…; 3) By the way…/Yes, but…; 4) Although…/That reminds me…
Step 9
Ex. 1. True: 2, 3; false: 4, 7; not stated: 1, 5, 6.
Ex. 2. 1b, 2a, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8c.
Ex. 3. 1) miracle; 2) produce; 3) restore; 4) drowned; 5) worth; 6) sank; 7) rightly; 8) hire; 9) attracted; 10) on; 11) put up; 12) touching; 13) remind.
Ex. 4. 1) preparing, making; 2) I entirely/wholly agree…; 3) produced/created; 4) constructed, made; 5) created; 6) all these things? 7) I suspect that Brian is telling a lie; 8) One/You can hardly understand the text; 9) ...the boat sank; 10) The exhibits were…; 11) …Paul is adult enough to…; 12) …searching for…; 13) Remind me when…; 14) …was luxurious; 15) Jane gave me a lift to the railway station/took me to the station in her car.
Ex. 7. 1) Isaac Newton; 2) Yuri Gagarin; 3) Marie Curie; 4) Nicolas Copernicus; 5) the USA; 6) Albert Einstein; 7) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov; 8) in Ancient Greece; 9) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev; 10) Michael Faraday; 11) Gregor Mendel’s; 12) Made the first projector and the first cinema film.
Ex. 8. 1) +; 2) +; 3) hardly; 4) rightly; 5) widely; 6) most; 7) high; 8) highly; 9) right; 10) +.
Ex. 9. 1) fastest; 2) more/less often or oftener; 3) more loudly/louder; 4) earliest; 5) more dryly/dryier; 6) more quietly; 7) worse; 8) more badly.
Ex. 10. А. 1) attractive — attraction — attracting — attracted; 2) suspicious — suspicion; 3) possessive — possession — possessing; 4) amazing — amazed — amazement; 5) exhibition; 6) luxurious; 7) restoration — restorer — restored; 8) suitable — suitably — suitability; 9) comprehension — comprehensible — comprehending; 10) faithful — faithfully — faithless.
B. 1) unattractive; 2) unsuspicious; 3) unsuitable; 4) irresponsible; 5) illegal; 6) imperfect; 7) unsupportive; 8) irregular; 9) unfaithful; 10) insignificant; 11) impossible; 12) dishonest.
Step 10
Ex. 1. 1b, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5c.
Ex. 2. 1b, 2a, 3a, 4b, 5c, 6b.
Ex. 3. 1) explosion; 2) reactors; 3) radioactive; 4) Japanese; 5) government; 6) disastrous; 7) tragical.
Ex. 4. 1) eldest; 2) fell; 3) was seriously injured; 4) became; 5) to take; 6) his; 7) made; 8) were passed; 9) won.
Ex. 5. 1d, 2b, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6b, 7c.
Unit 4
Step 1
Ex. 4. 1) Jane confessed that… 2) Bob enclosed the check and… 3) I’m trying to arrange a meeting… 4) Philip did it deliberately. 5) Write the word punishment in quotes. 6) We’ll need to arrange the chairs… 7) I know about his intention to take part… 8) Use this gel to relieve the discomfort… 9) A statue was set up in his honour. 10) This is a delicate subject. 11) The playground was enclosed by a wall.
Ex. 5. 1b, 2d, 3c, 4b, 5d.
Ex. 7. A. 1) put; 2) get; 3) be; 4) cut; 5) begin; 6) so; 7) tell.
B. 1c, 2d, 3a, 4e, 5b.
Ex. 8. 1) of; 2) in; 3) to; 4) for; 5) to; 6) to; 7) by; 8) up; 9) to.
Ex. 9. 1) amazed; 2) convincing; 3) captivating; 4) touched; 5) referring; 6) affected; 7) amusing; 8) arranged; 9) relieved; 10) stated.
Ex. 10. 1c, 2b, 3b, 4d, 5a, 6c.
Step 2
Ex. 1. True: 1, 2, 5; false: 3, 7; not stated: 4, 6.
Ex. 2. 1d (a, e), 2g, 3e, 4b (a), 5a, 6c, 7b.
Ex. 3. b.
Ex. 5. 1) functional; 2) personal; 3) scientists; 4) helpers; 5) dirty; 6) dangerous; 7) emotional; 8) daily.
Ex. 6. Adjust — приспособиться; arrangement — приготовления; confession — признание; deliberate — намеренный; delicately — осторожно; intend — намереваться; intentional — намеренный; intentionally — намеренно; relieved — испытывающий облегчение; relief — облегчение.
Ex. 7. 1) in; 2) in, in; 3) of, of; 4) from; 5) for; 6) to, to, of; 7) about/of; 8) from; 9) to; 10) for; 11) for; 12) for.
Ex. 8. 1) to; 2) for; 3) — ; 4) to; 5) of; 6) to; 7) from; 8) — ; 9) from; 10) — ; 11) — ; 12) — ; 13) — ; 14) of; 15) in.
Ex. 9. 1) don’t think; 2) be compared; 3) are created/are being created; 4) most; 5) have long dreamt/have long been dreaming; 6) have failed; 7) more and more; 8) is; 9) will ever be; 10) continues; 11) has brought; 12) better; 13) are widely used; 14) longer; 15) more difficult.
Ex. 10. 1c, 2c, 3b, 4a, 5b, 6b, 7c.
Step 3
Ex. 1. 1c, 2c, 3a, 4b, 5a, 6c, 7b.
Ex. 4. А. 1) scary stories; 2) slight reduction; 3) mutual interest; 4) low wages; 5) useless attempt; 6) only concern.
B. 1) draw your attention; 2) get rid of this extra work; 3) has gained a lot of experience; 4) drop out of college; 5) rushed to the place.
Ex. 5. 1) pay; 2) fare; 3) salary; 4) wages; 5) salary; 6) fare; 7) drew; 8) fee; 9) fee; 10) payment.
Ex. 6. 1) phoning; 2) to admit; 3) to return; 4) doing; 5) joining; 6) to complete; 7) to rest; 8) to tell; 9) doing; 10) washing; 11) visiting; 12) to turn.
Ex. 8. 1) gain; 2) dropped out; 3) attempts; 4) is mutual; 5) concern; 6) scary; 7) rushed; 8) There was a big reduction on the collection…; 9) get rid.
Ex. 9. А. 1) to talk; 2) to say; 3) visiting; 4) to show; 5) to talk; 6) cleaning; 7) to write; 8) rewriting; 9) eating; 10) to forge.
B. 1) fare; 2) wages; 3) draw; 4) draw; 5) fee; 6) fees; 7) payment; 8) salary.
Ex. 10. 1) wooden, fashionable; 2) imagination; 3) illogical, impatient; 4) childhood; 5) electric(al), mixer; 6) shorten; 7) freedom; 8) disagreement; 9) legendary, singers; 10) carelessness.
Step 4
Ex. 1. 1b, 2e, 3a, 4d, c — extra.
Ex. 3. Attempt — делать попытку, часто неудачную; concern — иметь отношение к; reduce — снижать, уменьшать; rush — спешка; scare n — испуг; scare v — пугать, пугаться, бояться.
Ex. 5. 1c, 2e, 3a, 4h, 5f, 6d, 7b, g — extra.
Ex. 6. For: 1) you can find a lot of good products all over the world; 2) many products become less expensive as factories and plants are relocated to countries with cheaper labour costs; 3) new jobs are created; 4) globalization results in economic growth; 5) developing countries can increase their average incomes per person; 6) globalization may contribute to the spread of democracy.
Against: 1) working conditions in developing countries are poor; 2) wages in these countries are usually low; 3) workers may have long working hours; 4) global trade may lead to environmental damage; 5) globalization may lead to cultural degradation; 6) the choice of products will be limited; 7) nations may lose their language and identity.
Ex. 7. Offer: 2, 4, 5, 6, 9; suggest: 1, 3, 7, 8, 10.
Ex. 8. 1) offer/offered; 2) suggests/suggested; 3) offer/offered/were offered; 4) offers/offered; 5) suggest; 6) offered; 7) offers/offered; 8) suggest/suggested; 9) suggested; 10) offers/offered; 11) offers/offered; 12) suggested.
Ex. 9. 1) in the field of trade; 2) in an attempt to make a profit; 3) largely due to reductions in the trade barriers; 4) there is now a rush to participate in global trading; 5) creates jobs; 6) have dramatically increased their average incomes per person; 7) poverty in developing countries; 8) where labour is cheap; 9) for wages that are very low; 10) global trade encourages environmental damage; 11) compete with the high advertising budgets; 12) a giant one-style shopping mall; 13) are losing their identities.
Ex. 10. Nouns: 1, 4, 5, 7, 10; verbs: 2, 3, 6, 8, 9.
Step 5
Ex. 1. 1b, 2a, 3c, 4a, 5c, 6a.
Ex. 3. 1) going; 2) to give; 3) walking; 4) to take; 5) to help; 6) holding; 7) arranging; 8) to babysit; 9) redecorating; 10) getting; 11) to share; 12) staying.
Ex. 5. 1) floating; 2) speak; 3) go, head; 4) crossing; 5) jump; 6) crying; 7) playing; 8) leave.
Ex. 6. 1) —; 2) to; 3) —; 4) —; 5) to; 6) to; 7) —, —; 8) to; 9) —; 10) —; 11) to.
Ex. 8. 1) Julia will be made to learn the dialogue by heart. 2) Mary won’t be allowed to play the computer all day long. 3) Kate was seen dancing on the stage. 4) I can’t be made to do what I don’t want to do. 5) I am not allowed to come back after ten. 6) Roger was heard speak Italian.
Ex. 9. 2) My brother offered to help me…; 4) Their teacher suggested decorating…/Their teacher suggested that they (should) decorate…; 9) Jack offers us his help with our new project.
Ex. 10. 1) brighter; 2) have just heard; 3) elder/older; 4) was writing; 5) heard; 6) get/getting; 7) were waving; 8) shouting; 9) was telling; 10) had been dreaming.
Step 6
Ex. 1. True: 2, 5; false: 1, 7; not stated: 3, 4, 6.
Ex. 2. 1) I didn’t expect it to rain. 2) We noticed the car running at a great speed. 3) They made Sam do all the work alone. 4) We wanted our football team to win. 5) We expected Susan to be late. 6) We wanted the weather to change. 7) James’s doctor didn’t let him go to Africa. 8) The audience watched the couple dancing on the stage. 9) Doris felt the dog’s cool nose touch her leg. 10) We watched the sun rise. 11) The police made me show them my Identity card. 12) Everyone heard Rose play the sonata beautifully. 13) We did not notice Jack leave the house.
Ex. 4. A. 1d, 2a, 3c, 4b.
B. 1) extravagant; 2) explode; 3) effort; 4) insist, ensure; 5) confirm; 6) bargain; 7) distinguished.
Ex. 5. 1d, 2c, 3c, 4b, 5a.
Ex. 7. 1) If only it were…; 2) If only we were…; 3) If only they were…; 4) If only I were…; 5) If only we could…; 6) If only they took…; 7) If only we went…; 8) If only I had…; 9) If only we moved…; 10) If only I got.
Ex. 8. 1) confirmed the trade agreement; 2) insisted on trying; 3) extravagant lady; 4) make an effort; 5) part of the bargain; 6) failed to explode; 7) ensure the survival; 8) distinguished performance.
Ex. 9. I wish 1) it were winter; 2) I were skiing. If only… 3) I were skating; 4) I made a snowman; 5) I threw snowballs; 6) I spent more time outdoors.
Ex. 10. A. 1) точно; 2) умный; 3) расточительный; 4) цвет лица; 5) журнал; 6) сочувствие.
B. 1) neatly, thoroughly; 2) build; 3) eccentric, bizzar; 4) a shop, a store; 5) cultured, educated; 6) liking, fondness.
Step 7
Ex. 3. 1d, 2b, 3g, 4h, 5a, 6f, 7c, e — extra.
Ex. 4. Bridging the generation gap; responsibility for your family; choosing your place in life and your career; responsibility for the future of your country; ecological problems and the future of the planet.
Ex. 5. Confirmation — подтверждение; to distinguish — различать; explosion — взрыв; explosive — взрывное, взрывчатое; extravagance — расточительность, расточительные траты; insistence — настойчивость; insistent — настойчивый.
Ex. 7. If I were you, I 1) would make the bed; 2) would wash up; 3) would switch off the television; 4) would switch off the computer; 5) would take the books off the floor, pick them up; 6) would close the window; 7) would water the flower in the pot; 8) would clean the floor; 9) would close the refrigerator.
Ex. 8. 1) between; 2) of; 3) on, of; 4) about; 5) on; 6) from; 7) —.
Ex. 9. If I were you, I 1) wouldn’t drive this car; 2) wouldn’t swim in the river; 3) wouldn’t drink this milk; 4) wouldn’t eat this cake; 5) wouldn’t park here; 6) wouldn’t buy a car from Denis Cook; 7) wouldn’t buy a washing machine from Ann Vincent; 8) would go there now.
Ex. 10. 1) different; 2) production; 3) important; 4) ecological; 5) dangerous; 6) ruinous; 7) disadvantages; 8) suitable; 9) specialists.
Step 8
Ex. 1. 1e, 2b, 3f, 4c, 5a, d — extra.
Ex. 5. If I saw a ghost 2) I would take its photo; 3) I would run away; 4) I would invite it for a cup of coffee; 5) I would greet it; 6) I would interview it (ask it questions); 7) I would call my mother/friend; 8) I would faint/fall down.
Ex. 7. 1) have asked; 2) go; 3) know; 4) have seen; 5) have bought; 6) wear; 7) keep; 8) explain; 9) feel; 10) be.
Ex. 8. Past: 3, 4, 6, 8, 10; present and future: 1, 2, 5, 7, 9.
Ex. 9. 1g, 2h, 3i, 4f, 5j, 6a, 7c, 8d, 9b, 10e.
Step 9
Ex. 1. 1b, 2c, 3a, 4b, 5b, 6a.
Ex. 5. 1) … improved… would have; 2) would welcome… built…; 3) …did… would be…; 4) …would be… tried to understand…; 5) …would got travelling… could afford; 6) …asked… would tell; 7) …practised… would become; 8) …had… would take…; 9) …would phone… didn’t come…; 10) …wouldn’t be…missed…; 11) …had… would visit…; 12) …didn’t apply… wouldn’t get… .
Ex. 6. 1) draw; 2) to stay; 3) get; 4) confirmed; 5) for; 6) extravagant; 7) arranged; 8) fare; 9) confessing; 10) delicately; 11) insist; 12) suggested; 13) won.
Ex. 7. 1d, 2c, 3e, 4a, 5f, 6g, 7b.
Ex. 8. 1) to; 2) with, —; 3) up; 4) of; 5) of; 6) to; 7) to; 8) with; 9) on; 10) from.
Ex. 9. 1) …would have thanked…had given…; 2) …had had… would have done; 3) …had known… would have certainly told…; 4)…would have discussed… had got…; 5) wouldn’t have confused… had looked them up…; 6) …would have joined… had wanted…; 7) would have looked… had been…; 8) ….would have agreed… had given…; 9) …had helped... would have been...; 10) …had painted… would have looked… .
Ex. 10. 1) best; 2) had travelled; 3) had spent; 4) was; 5) decided; 6) cut; 7) had; 8) his; 9) saw; 10) himself; 11) were; 12) was badly cut; 13) was shaved.
Step 10
Ex. 1. True: 1, 3, 4; false: 5, 6; not stated: 2, 7.
Ex. 2. 1c, 2e, 3g, 4b, 5f, 6a, d — extra.
Ex. 3. 1) amazing; 2) extremely; 3) professional; 4) European; 5) players; 6) loneliness; 7) communication; 8) dependent; 9) successful.
Ex. 4. 1) children; 2) had eaten; 3) fewer; 4) last; 5) were; 6) affects; 7) older; 8) to lay; 9) be improved; 10) offer; 11) will learn.
Ex. 5. 1a, 2c, 3c, 4b, 5d, 6a, 7d.
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