This information will not tell you how to become a millionaire (sorry!) or marry a wealthy heiress (sorry again!). But it may keep you from making a fool of yourself in many occasions. Also it will save you a lot of troubles. This information will help to put you at ease in whatever strange situation you come up. We are sure it will work-But if you really want to be a success as a businessman, promise yourself:
- to be so strong that nothing can disturb your peace of mind
- to talk health, happiness and prosperity to every person you meet
- to make all your colleagues feel that there is something in them
- to look at the sunny side of everything and make your optimism come true
- to think only of the best, to work only for the best and expect only the best
- to forget the mistakes of the past and press on the greater achievements of the future
- to give so much time to the improvement of yourself that you have no time to criticize others
- to be too large for worry, too noble for anger, too strong for fear and too happy to permit the presence of trouble.
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Vocabulary list:
employee - служащий
employer - работодатель
to employ - нанимать
in a fortnight - через 2 недели
We’ll see and we’ll see. - Поживем-увидим.
I’m afraid - я боюсь
to cope with- справляться с чем-либо
may be - может быть
just now - прямо сейчас
As sure as eggs is eggs. - Ясно как день.
First of all - вначале
essence - сущность
to fill in - заполнять
to look for - искать
to earn one’s living - зарабатывать на свою жизнь
I am very much obliged to you. - Я очень вам обязан.
I appreciate it very much. - Я высоко ценю это.
Thanks a lot - большое спасибо
Don’t mention it - не стоит благодарности
to live from hand to mouth - жить впроголодь
inhabitant - житель
salary - зарплата
wage - зарплата
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1. Learn the dialogue.
Good afternoon.
Good afternoon. What can I do for you?
In yesterday newspaper I have read that you need in an employee.
Yes, that’s right. I would like to know what’s your name?
Jane Blackmore Robin Cresweel
Have you worked as an employee before?
Yes. But the trouble is I’ve lost my job. And now I live from hand to mouth.
Your education Mrs. Blackmore ? Robin Cresweel
Higher!
O key. I can employ you as an employee. Do you agree?
Yes. Thanks a lot.
See you in a fortnight with a filled form.
Good bye.
Good bye.
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2. You need to send your Curriculum Vitae* to a firm you are going to work with. Fill in the blank, mentioning some autobiographical facts.
a summary of somebody’s career and qualifications, especially relevant to a job application.
[pic]
Vocabulary list:
success – успех
to disturb – нарушать, разрушать
prosperity – процветание
colleague – коллега, сослуживец
to expect – ожидать, надеяться, рассчитывать
achievements – достижение, успех
improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование
to worry – беспокоиться
worry – беспокойство
noble – благородный, великодушный
anger – гнев, раздражение
fear – страх, боязнь
trick – хитрость, обман
trade – торговля
to count – значить
to be businesslike – быть деловитым
to encourage – поддержать (разговор)
sacrifice – жертва
duty – обязанность
obligation – обязанность
habitually – привычно, обыкновенно
to win – выигрывать, побеждать
to preserve – сохранять, оберегать, поддерживать
heart – сердце
to secure – обеспечивать
transition – переход
equal – равный
to drop – отбрасывать
rank – положение, ранг
pal – приятель
bud – дружище
darling – дорогая
to prove – доказывать
suggestion – рекомендация
to order – приказывать
to amount to – составлять сумму associate(s) – компаньон, коллега, приятель, товарищ
slave – раб
promises – обещания
to make a note – делать заметки, записывать
in private – с глазу на глаз
in public – в присутствии других
in anger – раздраженным тоном
as well as – как … так и
mail clerk – курьер
assistant – заместитель
He is available now. – Он не может сейчас подойти.
I expert – надеюсь
conservatively – строго (одеваться)
to stay off the telephone – не вести телефонных разговоров
matter - вопрос
on matter of – по вопросам …
to refer to – обращаться к (боссу)
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3. Make up your own dialogue
UNIT 3
- Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. A lot of people’s whole lives would change if they did just that. “
Note: First impressions count so much.
Give personal attention to a man you’re talking to.
Be friendly, polite and businesslike.
Use questions to encourage the conversation.
Look interested while you listen to.
When you’re smiling the whole world smiles with you.
Life is made up not of great sacrifices or duties, but of little things, in which smiles and kindness, and small obligations, given habitually, are what win and preserve the heart and secure comfort.
[pic] FORMS OF ADDRESS
You should not use first names, even if everyone else does. In an informal first name kind of office, the transition is a natural one. Those of equal rank first drop the “Mr.” and thus invite you to do the same. But until you are well established use the formal address.
Please note: it is never correct to call anyone in business “pal”, “bud”, “baby”, “honey” or “darling”.
Pet names are considered cheap.
HINTS FOR THE OFFICE MANAGER, OR THE BOSS
You need not go around proving you’re the boss if you are. So here are some suggestions:
- Don’t order, ask and be polite! It amounts to the same thing, but it sounds - and works - better.
- Remember that people work with you, not for you. They know better, but they like to be spoken of as associates, not as slaves.
- Keep your promises. It’s important to make a note of every promise - whether it is something important or something you think less important.
- Criticize, if you must, only in private - and do it objectively. Never criticize anyone in public or in anger. And that goes for the mail clerk as well as for your assistant.
There are three classes of men - lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, lovers of gain. (Plato)
The measure of man is what he does with power. (Pittacus)
The great leader is one who never permits his followers to discover that he is as dumb as they are.
The most successful businessman is the man who holds onto the old just as long as it is good and grabs the new just as soon as it is better.
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POLITE HANDLING OF YOUR TELEPHONE CALLS
Secretary: “Mr. Wright’s office. Miss Brown Speaking.”
Caller: “Is Mr. Wright there, please?”
Secretary: “Sorry, but he’s not available just now. May I help you?” ... or...” Is there anyone else you’d care to speak to?”
Caller: “No - when could I reach him?”
Secretary: “I expert to hear from him in about an hour” ... or ... “He’s at the meeting which will probably last until lunch time” ... or ... “He has someone with him just now, I’m not sure how soon he’ll be free” ... or ... “May I tell him who called?”
Caller: “Well, I’ll call again this afternoon.”
Don’t say: “He’s busy” ... or ... “He’s tied up”. It is impolite.
[pic] THE RECEPTIONIST
The receptionist should dress conservatively, sit quietly and attentively, speak softly, address and refer to employees and visitors formally, and stay off the telephone except on matters of business. When the receptionist calls you to say that someone is there to see you, she should always speak in the third person: “Mr. Ross would like to see Mr. Wright” never ” Mr. Wright, there’s a Mr. Ross out here to see you.”
Here are some “Don’ts” and “Do’s “ for the receptionist:
Don’t say: Do say:
Wait a minute May I help you?
Whodya wanna see? Let me ring his office to see if he is in.
Who are you? Is he expecting you?
What do you want to see him about? Mr. Wright’s secretary will be right out.
He’s busy. Won’t you sit down for a minute, please?
T [pic] HE OFFICE PARTY
There is a problem of making an office “get-together” more like a party and less like a punishment.
The boss should consider the following “Don’ts”:
For the guests, we can offer there pieces of advice which will almost certainly have no effect:
Don’t go if you can muster a reasonable, sorrowful excuse.
If you go, don’t stay too long.
Don’t drink too much!
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REVISION
Give the right answer.
When do people take the decision to become friends?
When they are acquainted.
When they want to receive benefit.
During first four minutes.
When you turned out in a new collective. What form of address should you use?
first name
formal address
pet names
If you decide to start your own business. What kind of person should you be?
polite
strong
businesslike
If something has gone wrong in your business you should …
think about mistakes
make all your colleagues to work harder
think only of the best
II. Imagine you are a boss. What should you do and what shouldn’t you do?
You should or you can … You shouldn’t or you cannot…
[pic] [pic] prove you are the boss
order
be polite with the employees
speak to your colleagues as you like
keep your promises
criticise in private
criticise in public
criticise in anger
make a speech at the office party
offer your own house for the party
[pic]
1. Write down the invitation for your boss.
*** The ceremony began at eight o’clock. As soon as the women are seated, the other men and I sat. I tried wine. It was enough tasty. There was only one dish on the table. Then a man in special uniform brought dishes one by one. Firstly he served the woman on my right then preferred me, then proceed counterclockwise around the table.
[pic]
3. Put the verb “to have” into the correct form.
She never … milk in her tea.
We usually … dinner.
I … a lot of photos.
He … a lovely day on his birthday.
They … a nice cosy house in the country.
She … no idea what to do.
4. Put the verb “to be” or “to have” into the correct form.
How … your daughter? She … not well today.
… they a telephone in their flat?
… they busy on Monday?
… Helen a new tape-recorder?
UNIT 4 - No letter is more difficult to compose that one is in reply to an advertisement inviting applications for a vacant post. If the job that is advertised is an attractive one, for which there is likely to be considerable competition, the writing of the letter becomes even more difficult.
Some applicants, realizing that their letter will be one among a great many, try to ensure that it will stand out from the rest by phrasing it in an unusual way, or by making extravagant claims. We do not recommend such a course, which we feel is more likely to create an unfavourable impression than a favourable one.
Applicants often fail to realise how important it is, when applying for a job in Britain, or one with a British firm, to give the reasons why they are applying for that particular post. It is not only a useful thing for the convincing reason often provides a more interesting clue to the applicant's character and personality than does any other part of the application.
It should not be necessary to insist that the application should be as truthful and as modest as possible. No letter, however well written, is likely to prove successful if, at the subsequent interview, the candidate's claims are seen to be overstated.
[pic]
Vocabulary list:
employment – прием на работу
advertisement – объявление
vacant post – вакантное место
competition – претендент
the writing of the letter – задача
applicant – заявитель
to stand out – выделять
unusual way – необычный образ
extravagant claims – непомерные притязания
a course – способ
to give the reasons – указывать причину
particular post – должность
application – письмо
subsequent – собеседование
to be overstated– заявлять(о чем-то)
to expand – развернуть
responsibility – ответственность
to negotiate – вести переговоры
1. Translate from Russian into English:
Sales Manager wanted by manufacturer of nationally-advertised light machinery. Must have successful record in handing similar product. Write giving details of previous experience, salary, etc., to Box No 351.
Дорогой сэр,
Мне бы очень хотелось получить должность торгового агента.
В настоящее время я являюсь помощником торгового агента в фирме “Уиндфлоу лимитед”. Я отвечаю за всю торговлю в Шотландии и Северной Ирландии. Мои обязанности – обучать весь торговый персонал. Я закончил Лондонский университет и получил звание бакалавра. Моя заработная плата сейчас 1500 фунтов стерлингов. Я бы хотел получить более высокооплачиваемую и ответственную должность.
С почтением.
У. Уильямс
[pic]
2. Learn the dialogue.
Good morning, sir. Tell me, how long were you in your last job?
Four years.
Have you got any questions to me?
I’d like to know from you what will be the efforts next year?
We plan to expand our activity to buy equipment and technologies.
What responsibilities do you suggest during the first year?
You’ll be responsible for our contacts, to negotiate.
Are you a leader?
[pic]
3. Find the English equivalents for the following (see the text).
Задача еще более усложняется; один из многих; фразы необычным образом; неблагоприятное впечатление; указать причину; характер и личность самого заявителя; как можно правдивее и скромнее.
4. Answer the following questions. Make use of the new words in your answers.
How to compose applications for employment?
What kind of course don’t we recommend?
What reasons is it important to give?
What should we give the reasons for?
What should the application be?
Put the verb into correct from.
Where …… (Jane/come) from? She's English.
What …… (you/do)? I an economist.
…… What …… (you/plan) for future? I …… (to plan) to expand my activity Widely.
…… (my brother/write) letters every day? He …… (to write) letters every month.
…… (she/give) an advertisement on TV? Yes, ……
What course …… (you/recommend)? I …… (to recommend) a simple course.
Where …… (he, give) the reasons in his report.
Insert the correct from of the verb:
Our firm …… many goods and services (to produce).
This advertisement …… the buying of consumer goods (to advertise).
We …… to occupy you a vacant post (to invite).
We … such a course (not, to recommend).
Some applications …… extravagant claims (to make).
He …… that particular post (not, to apply for).
My present salary …… 1,500 pounds (to contain)
I …… economy (to deal in).
UNIT 5
- Most people work to earn their living. They produce goods and services. Goods are either produced on farms, like maize and milk or in factories, like cars and paper. Services are provided by such things as schools, hospitals and shops. Some people provide goods; some provide services, other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage, a man may buy a car, or he may buy some services, which help him to maintain his car. The work which people do is called their economic activity. Economic activities make up the economic system. The economic system is the sum - total of what people do and what they want.
THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS
This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. They study the system, which effects our lives. The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy we live in.
He tries to explain how the system works. His methods should be objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter. If we could get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work. But even when we have these essential things, we may want other things if we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for children) might make life more enjoyable. The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants. It is not just concerned with basic needs like food clothes and shelter.
[pic]
1. Read these words paying attention to the stress
E´conomy eco´nomics eco´nomic eco´nomical eco´nomically to e´conomise e´conomist
2. Answer the following questions choosing the correct form of answer.
1. What do most people work for? - to rest;
to earn their living;
to buy a car.
2. What do some people provide? - goods;
economic activities;
goods and services.
What is the science of economics based upon?
- the scientific methods.
[pic]
3. Complete the following sentences:
People … goods and services.
Services are provided by such things as …
… make up economic system.
The economist tries to describe the …
… is concerned with all our material needs and wants.
[pic]
4. Put the verbs into the correct form:
A.
The economic situation is already very bad and it … (to get) worse.
We … (to speak) to the manager of the factory.
Economics … (to attempt) to find laws at this time.
At present economics as a science … (to consider) two disciplines.
The price … (not to rise).
An Englishman … (to visit) a shoe factory in London.
B.
What … you … (to do) now?
… we … (to work) this week?
Who … (to accompany) him around the factory?
… goods … (to produce) on farms or in factories now?
What … he … (to buy) at present?
5 [pic] . Find the English equivalents for the following (see the text):
Производить на фермах, или на заводах; предоставлять как товары, так и бытовые услуги; поддерживать техническую исправность автомобиля; экономическая деятельность; отражать; объективный и научный методы; приятный.
6. Answer the following questions:
Why do most of the people work?
What do the people provide ?
What makes up the economic system ?
What does economy study ?
What are our basic needs ?
Is economics concerned only with our basic needs ?
[pic]
7. Put the verbs into the correct form:
A
Now we …the rules of economic system (to disturb).
At present they … the science of economics (to examine).
He … good wage now (to get).
At this time I … at the technical college (to study).
She … to explain this methods now (to try).
They …cars and goods at present (to produce).
B
What … (you/ read) now?
Where … (I / find) him at this moment?
What …(the manager/ do) at this time?
… (she/ work) at a bank now?
… (they / recommend ) such a course at present?
UNIT 6
- ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
There are a number of ways in which a government can organise its economy.
An economic system is quite simply the way in which a country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country's citizens.
There are three main economic systems: planned economics, market economics, mixed economics.
PLANNED ECONOMICS
Planned economies are sometimes called "command economies" because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all.
Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet.
A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages'.
* Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.
* Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.
* The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.
Several disadvantages also exist.
* There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies.
* Any profits that are made are paid to the government.
* Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward.
* As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce.
[pic]
Vocabulary list:
inhabitants - жители, население
to own - владеть
natural resources - природные ресурсы
a large amount - большой объем
central planning and direction - центральное планирование и руководство
consumption - потребление
obviously - очевидно
complicated - сложный
to have a number of common features - иметь ряд общих черт
intention - намерение
to comply with - подчиняться
a production target to meet - производственная задача (задание), которую надо выполнить
to enjoy a basic standard of living - иметь основной уровень жизни
to duplicate production - дублировать производство
to divert - отвлекать (напр., ресурсы на другие цели)
a major problem faced by command or planned economies - основная проблема, стоящая перед командной или плановой экономикой
[pic]
1. Choose the suitable answer.
An economic system uses its resources…
to give it to other countries;
to enjoy a basic standard of living;
to satisfy the demands of inhabitants.
Planned economics are sometimes called:
a) “market economics”;
b)”command economics”;
c)” mixed economies”.
Planned economics are economies…
with a large amount of central planning and direction;
for the management of money;
with the predictions of the models.
Complete these sentences:
Everyone in society receives enough … to a basic standard of living.
The State decides precisely what…
Everyone receives …
Planned economies are economies with a large amount…
[pic]
2. Find the English equivalents for the following (see the text):
имеющиеся в распоряжении ресурсы; управлять использованием ресурсов; управление экономикой; иметь высокий жизненный уровень; иметь общие черты; подчиняться 5-летнему плану; значительное количество; ставить производственные задачи; полученная прибыль; стимул к эффективной работе; основная проблема, стоящая перед...
[pic]
3. Answer the questions
1. What's an economic system?
2. What does a standard of living depend on?
3. What's a planned economy? What are its main features?
4. Give the advantages of a planned economy.
5. Give the disadvantages of a planned economy.
[pic]
4. Translate using the active possible
1. Если хозяйство плановое, то работа промышленности подчиняется плану, в котором государство определяет производственные задачи и планирует развитие на 5 лет вперед.
2. В плановой экономике покупатели лишены возможности влиять на производство товаров.
5. Государство в условиях плановой экономики может гарантировать своим гражданам образование и медицинское обслуживание.
6. Все крупные решения, касающиеся объема используемых ресурсов, структуры и распределения продукции, производства и потребления, принимаются центральным плановым органом.
5. Make word combinations as in the example and translate them paying attention to the use of the word “policy”.
Ford / to export car Ford’s policy of exporting cars.
General / Motors / to export cars
Proctor and Gamble / to export cosmetics
Microsoft / to sell computer software
Bosch / to sell household goods
Tefal / to sell electrical appliances
6. Insert the correct prepositions in the sentences:
The are a number … ways … which a government can organise its economy.
Economics tries to find laws or principles … building models.
We are speaking … economy.
I always go … the technical college … the morning.
MARKET ECONOMICS
In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which arc favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.
Thus, we can see that in a market economy it is consumers who decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire
Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. In a free market individual people are free to pursue their cw/г interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention.
Not surprisingly there are also problems. Some goods would be underpurchased if the government did not provide free or subsidised supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as defence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers.
[pic]
Vocabulary list
to intervene - вмешиваться
private enterprise (syn. entrepreneurship) - частное предпринимательство
private ownership (syn. property) of the means of production - частная собственность на средства производства
public property, common ownership - общественная собственность
personal property - личная собственность
state-owned property, state ownership - государственная собственность
private supplies of capital - частный капитал
surplus income available for investment in new business activities - дополнительный доход (излишек дохода), который можно вложить (инвестировать) в новое дело (бизнес)
to employ - использовать; предоставлять работу, нанимать
employer - работодатель
employee - служащий
employment - занятость
unemployment - безработица
to persuade - убеждать
at first view (syn. at first sight) - на первый взгляд
to adjust automatically - автоматически приспосабливаться; приводиться в соответствие
to pursue one's own interests - преследовать свои интересы
to make money out of it - заработать деньги на этом
to move the production possibility frontier outwards - продвинуть вперед предел производственных возможностей
to make the society better-off - сделать общество более состоятельным
to create new jobs and opportunities - создать новые рабочие места, новые возможности
to underpurchase (ant. to overpurchase) - недостаточно раскупать
to provide free or subsidized supplies - обеспечить бесплатное или субсидированное (дотированное) предоставление (товаров, услуг)
in response to (syn. in answer to) - в ответ на
a cornerstone - краеугольный камень
to alter swiftly - быстро меняться
working conditions - условия работы
safety standards - нормы техники безопасности
large- scale intervention - широкомасштабное вмешательство
to pass laws - принимать законы
MIXED ECONOMICS
Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies.
A mixed economy means very much what it says as it contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers.
The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.
V [pic] ocabulary list
significant faults - значительные недостатки
at one extreme... at the other extreme - на одном полюсе... на другом
to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice - иметь значительную экономическую свободу выбора restriction - ограничение
whilst [wailst] (syn. while) - в то время как, пока
to avoid disadvantages - избегать недостатков
to enjoy the benefits - иметь преимущества, пользоваться преимущества! to interact - взаимодействовать
to solve economic problems - решать экономические проблемы
a share of the output - доля в объеме производства
essential items - товары и услуги первой необходимости
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1. Choose the suitable answer:
The market economy is based on …
personal property;
state enterprise;
private enterprise.
In a market economy it is … who decide what is to be produced.
the government;
consumers;
the owners of firms.
The aim of mixed economies is …
to avoid the disadvantages of both system;
to supply essential items;
to develop some industries.
[pic]
2. Fill in the gaps with the words:
Consumers will be willing to … for products they desire.
Workers are paid wages by …
A mixed economy contains elements of …
We spend our wages on …
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REVISION
1. Put in the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
Now economists … (to make) predictions.
I … (to study) at the technical college at present.
Economy … (to be) a science.
He … (to be) an economist.
He … (to try) to explain his methods at this moment.
My sister … (not to have got) an economical book.
2. Choose the suitable answer:
1. Services are provided by such things as…
cars and paper;
schools, hospitals and shops;
maize and milk.
The other things might make life more …
lifeless:
careless:
enjoyable.
It is the intention of the planners that there should be … for all.
enough goods and services;
food and wants.
needs and wants.
3. Insert the correct forms of adjectives.
He is … (clever) manager in our company.
These goods are … (good) than those.
This task is … (complicated) for us.
This building is … (nice) than that one.
4. Insert the correct article:
Economics as (a< the) science consists of two disciplines.
(A, The) state can use its control of (a< the) economy.
I am (a, the) teacher of economics.
(An, The) economic system quite simply (a, the) way in which (a, the) country uses its resources.
5. Match the words which are very close in their meaning:
1 [pic] . needs big
2. complicated economics
3. large task
4. economy wants
5. target difficult
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6. Learn the dialogue and say it from memory:
Fred is remarkable!
Yes, he is. He wants to know every thing. He really gets to the bottom of things.
Do you know what he explained to me today? The ins and outs of the stock market. He knows all about Wall street-all these stocks, shares, stock exchange quotations and what not.
Is he a stockbroker?
If I’m not mistaken, he is.
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7. Find the English equivalents for the following (see the text) .
управление экономикой; широкомасштабное вмешательство правительства; принимать законы; быстро меняться; автоматически изменяться (приспосабливаться); быть конкурентоспособным; частные фирмы; краеугольный камень; избегать недостатков; частный сектор; налогообложение; централизованно принимать экономические решения; на одном полюсе - на другом...; без ограничений; взаимодействовать в решении проблем;
[pic]
8. Answer the questions
What's a market economy?
What's the main difference between a market economy and a planned economy?
Do changing demands affect production? In what way?
What's the mechanism of producing goods and services in a market economy?
What’s a mixed economy? What’s its aim?
9. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
1. Command and market economies both have __.
2. __ contains elements of both market and planned economies.
3. __ we have a command economy, which does not __, __ we have a free market, where individuals __ without __.
6. The aim of mixed economies is __ the disadvantages of both systems while __ the benefits that they both offer.
7. In a mixed economy the government and the private sector __ in ___.
8. The state controls __ through __, and __, and intervenes to supply
UNIT 7
- MARKETS
